Research Library:
Our mission is to empower activists, journalists, and policymakers to shape effective criminal justice policy, so we go beyond our original reports and analyses to curate a database of virtually all the empirical criminal justice
research available online.
Tips: If you know what you are looking for, you may also search the database. We also have an email newsletter (at right)(at bottom) for new research library updates.
- COVID-19 (75) The pandemic’s impact on prisons and jails
- Community Impact (259) Impact of justice system on communities, includes housing, employment, schools
- Conditions of Confinement (398)
- Crime and Crime Rates (381) Information on type of crime/frequency
- Death Penalty (164) Data, policy, and analysis of the death penalty
- Disability (27)
- Drug Policy (222) Analysis of drug policy and its effects on the prison system
- Economics of Incarceration (297) The economic drivers and consequences of mass incarceration
- Education (126) Correctional education and the school-to-prison pipeline
- Families (145) The justice system's impact on families.
- Felon Disenfranchisement (104) Barring people from the polls because of criminal convictions
- General (161) Atlases, indices, and broad-based source material
- Gun Control (47) Statistics on gun violence, suggestions for gun control
- Health impact (310) Public health, access to healthcare, and mortality
- Immigration (69) Detainment practices and statistics
- Incarceration Rates Growth Causes (473)
- International Incarceration Comparisons (58)
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Some of the most recently added reports are:
Thursday, April 25 2024:
- Lethal injection in the modern era:
Cruel, unusual, and racist,
Reprieve.
April, 2024.
"Black people had 220% higher odds of suffering a botched lethal injection execution than white people from 1976 to 2023."
- Evaluation of Changes in US Health Insurance Coverage for Individuals With Criminal Legal Involvement
in Medicaid Expansion and Nonexpansion States, 2010 to 2017,
Benjamin A. Howell, Laura Hawks, Emily A. Wang, and Tyler N. A. Winkelman.
April, 2022.
"Medicaid expansion was associated with a 14.9-percentage point increase in insurance coverage...for low-income adults with recent criminal legal involvement."
- The Affordable Care Act, Insurance Coverage, & Health Care Utilization
of Previously Incarcerated Young Men: 2008-2015,
Tyler N.A. Winkelman, HwaJung Choi, and Matthew M. Davis.
March, 2017.
"Uninsurance declined significantly among previously incarcerated men after the 2014 ACA implementation (-5.9 percentage points), primarily because of an increase in private insurance."
- Employment and Health Among Recently Incarcerated Men
Before and After the Affordable Care Act (2009-2017),
Carmen M. Gutierrez and Becky Pettit.
January, 2020.
"After ACA implementation, uninsurance decreased by 26 percentage points among recently incarcerated, unemployed men."
- Justice-Involved Adults With Substance Use Disorders:
Coverage Increased But Rates Of Treatment Did Not In 2014,
Brendan Saloner, Sachini N. Bandara, Emma E. McGinty, and Colleen L. Barry.
June, 2016.
"In 2014, after ACA implementation, the uninsurance rate among justice-involved individuals with substance use disorders declined from 38% to 28%... [and those] receiving treatment were more likely to have care paid for by Medicaid than in the prior decade"
- Criminal record stigma, race, and neighborhood inequality
Laura M. DeMarco.
July, 2023.
"The criminal record effect is estimated to be twice as large in gentrifying compared with nongentrifying neighborhoods and stronger in communities where the relative size of the Black population is shrinking."
- Following Incarceration, Most Released Offenders Never Return to Prison
Paywall :(
William Rhodes, Gerald Gaes, Jeremy Luallen, Ryan Kling, Tom Rich, and Michael Shively.
September, 2014.
"Roughly two of every three offenders who enter and exit prison will never return to prison."
- Racial and ethnic differences in the consequences of school suspension for arrest
Benjamin W. Fisher & Alex O. Widdowson.
June, 2023.
"Within a given wave of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 Cohort, students who experienced an increase in suspension also experienced an increase of approximately 56.2% in their odds of being arrested in that same wave."
Tuesday, April 16 2024:
- Gender Differences in the Determinants of Prison Rule Violations
Katarzyna Celinska & Hung-En Sung.
2014.
"Women averaged 1.96 infractions per person who violated a rule as compared with the rate of 2.27 infractions per person who violated a rule found among men. Women in prison were not only less likely to break rules but also did so less frequently than men."
- Sex Differences in the Effects of Adverse Childhood Experiences on Institutional Misconduct among Adults in Prison
Minnesota Department of Corrections.
March, 2024.
"In a sample of more than 6,000 men in MN prisons, men who reported 4 or more adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) had a 30% increase in the hazard of any type of disciplinary conviction (DC) compared to those with 0 ACEs"
- Degrees of difference:
Do college credentials earned behind bars improve labor market outcomes?,
Abby Ballou.
March, 2024.
"Employers presented with an applicant who earned a bachelor's degree or sub-baccalaureate certificate in prison had a 42 percent higher odds of indicating willingness to call back the applicant, compared to an applicant with a GED (p = .001)."
- Incarceration History and Access to and Receipt of Health Care in the US
Jingxuan Zhao, Jessica Star, Xuesong Han, Zhiyuan Zheng, Qinjin Fan, Sylvia Kewei Shi, Stacey A. Fedewa, K. Robin Yabroff, Leticia M. Nogueira.
February, 2024.
"People with incarceration history had lower percentages of having a usual source of care or receiving preventive services: physical exams, blood pressure, cholesterol, or glucose tests, dental check ups, & breast and colorectal cancer screenings."
- Mortality Among Individuals Released from U.S. Prisons:
Does Military History Matter?,
Minnesota Department of Corrections.
November, 2023.
"When model specification was improved by accounting for the sociodemographic and legal histories of returnees, we found that veterans showed no greater or less risk of mortality compared to non-veterans."
- Hepatitis C Epidemiology in a Large Urban Jail:
A Changing Demographic,
Emily Hoff, Andrea Warden, Ruby Taylor, and Ank E. Nijhawan.
March, 2022.
"Among people in Dallas County Jail from 2015-19, HCV antibody positivity was significantly associated with older age, female sex, non-Hispanic White race versus non-Hispanic Black race, & being released to prison versus not."
- Jail Conditions And Mortality:
Death Rates Associated With Turnover, Jail Size, And Population Characteristics,
Jessica L. Adler and Weiwei Chen.
June, 2023.
"Jails with higher turnover rates, capacity occupied, & populations were more likely to have higher overall mortality. Deaths due to suicide, drugs and alcohol, and homicide showed a significant association with high turnover."
- Lifetime and Jail-Specific Suicidal Ideation:
Prevalence and Correlates in a Sample of People in Jail in the United States,
Bryce E. Stoliker, Haile Wangler, Frances P. Abderhalden, and Lisa M. Jewell.
April, 2023.
"Approximately 45% of the 196 people sampled reported a lifetime history of suicidal ideation (SI) & 30% reported SI during the current incarceration... Those who identified as non-men reported a higher prevalence than men on lifetime and jail-specific SI"
- The deadliest local police departments kill 6.91 times more frequently than the least deadly departments...
Josh Leung-Gagne.
2024.
"The deadliest police departments [in the U.S.] kill 6.91 times more frequently than the least deadly departments, after accounting for variation in risk to officers and trauma care access."
- Homicides involving Black victims are less likely to be cleared in the United States
Paywall :(
Gian Maria Campedelli.
February, 2024.
"The likelihood of a homicide clearance is 3.4 to 4.8 percent lower for homicides involving Black victims, and this race effect is slightly higher for males and that racial disparity has moderately but significantly increased over time."
- Reducing Missed Appointments for Probation and Parole Supervision:
a Randomized Experiment with Text Message Reminders,
Charise Hastings, Chris Thomas, Michael Ostermann, Jordan M. Hyatt, & Steve Payne.
December, 2021.
"The best attendance of scheduled probation/parole meetings was found in the treatment group assigned to late text reminders 1 day before the appointment. That group had 29% fewer no-shows and 21% fewer cancelled appointments than the control group."