{"id":5430,"date":"2017-03-07T15:07:03","date_gmt":"2017-03-07T19:07:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.prisonpolicy.org\/blog\/?p=5430"},"modified":"2022-05-09T22:48:55","modified_gmt":"2022-05-10T02:48:55","slug":"altbjs","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.prisonpolicy.org\/blog\/2017\/03\/07\/altbjs\/","title":{"rendered":"@AltBJS highlights important data on racial disparities in the criminal justice system"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Last month, in honor of Black History Month, the twitter user known as <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/AltBJS\">@AltBJS<\/a> highlighted a different fact each day about racial disparities in the criminal justice system: <\/p>\n<style type=\"text\/css\">@media (min-width: 599px) {.twitter-tweet {margin-left:30px;} } .twitter-tweet-rendered {margin-bottom: 0 !important;}<\/style>\n<blockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\" data-lang=\"en\">\n<p lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">Here&#39;s to celebrating Black History Month with a fact a day about the Criminal Justice system &amp; Black Americans <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/hashtag\/BlackHistoryMonth?src=hash\">#BlackHistoryMonth<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&mdash; Alt BJS (@AltBJS) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/AltBJS\/status\/826816864365969408\">February 1, 2017<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><script async src=\"\/\/platform.twitter.com\/widgets.js\" charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script><\/p>\n<p>Some of these facts were well-known, but many were not. Some were published in obscure corners of Bureau of Justice Statistics publications and some were published in academia or by other analysts.  The tweets highlighted important research, but old tweets are hard to find and the @AltBJS&#8217;s academic citation style made it a little hard for us to follow. <\/p>\n<p>So, to the best of my ability and for the preservation of these important facts, I&#8217;ve put together links to the underlying sources here:<\/p>\n<p><\/br><\/p>\n<h3>February 1st:<\/h3>\n<blockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\" data-lang=\"en\">\n<p lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">Here&#39;s to celebrating Black History Month with a fact a day about the Criminal Justice system &amp; Black Americans <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/hashtag\/BlackHistoryMonth?src=hash\">#BlackHistoryMonth<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&mdash; Alt BJS (@AltBJS) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/AltBJS\/status\/826816864365969408\">February 1, 2017<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<blockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\" data-lang=\"en\">\n<p lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">Fact 1: How many Black inmates are parents? 54% of male &amp; 61% of female inmates are Black parents (Glaze et al., 2008) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/hashtag\/BlackHistoryMonth?src=hash\">#BlackHistoryMonth<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/t.co\/P3cTaTXUpn\">pic.twitter.com\/P3cTaTXUpn<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&mdash; Alt BJS (@AltBJS) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/AltBJS\/status\/826831342721708032\">February 1, 2017<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<blockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\" data-lang=\"en\">\n<p lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">Fact 1: Impact? Over 3\/4 million Black kids directly effected by US prison policies (Glaze &amp; Maruschak, 2008). Indirect effects unaccounted <a href=\"https:\/\/t.co\/XaWm14bzzD\">https:\/\/t.co\/XaWm14bzzD<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&mdash; Alt BJS (@AltBJS) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/AltBJS\/status\/826837301372272641\">February 1, 2017<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Source: Glaze, L.E., &#038; Maruschak, L.M. (2008) <a href=\"http:\/\/www.bjs.gov\/index.cfm?ty=pbdetail&#038;iid=823\">&#8220;Parents in Prison and Their Minor Children.&#8221;<\/a>  Bureau of Justice Statistics: Special Report. U.S. Department of Justice: p. 14.\n <\/p>\n<p><!--more--><br \/>\n<br \/><\/br><\/p>\n<h3>February 2nd:<\/h3>\n<blockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\" data-lang=\"en\">\n<p lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">Fact2: Black students are 16% of student pop, yet 27% of students referred to LE &amp; 31% of students arrested (DOE, 2014) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/hashtag\/BlackHistoryMonth?src=hash\">#BlackHistoryMonth<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&mdash; Alt BJS (@AltBJS) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/AltBJS\/status\/827204898290802689\">February 2, 2017<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Source: U.S. Department of Education: Office for Civil Rights. <a href=\"https:\/\/ocrdata.ed.gov\/downloads\/crdc-school-discipline-snapshot.pdf\">Data Snapshot: School Discipline.<\/a>  Washington D.C.: U.S. Department of Education, March 21, 2014: p. 1. <\/p>\n<p><\/br><\/p>\n<h3>February 3rd:<\/h3>\n<blockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\" data-lang=\"en\">\n<p lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">Fact 3: Black arrestees are more likely to be detained (after accounting for legal factors) (Kutateladze et al., 2014) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/hashtag\/BlackHistoryMonth?src=hash\">#BlackHistoryMonth<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&mdash; Alt BJS (@AltBJS) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/AltBJS\/status\/827548596346171392\">February 3, 2017<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Source: Kutateladze, Besiki L., et al. (2014). &#8220;Cumulative Disadvantage: Examining Racial and Ethnic Disparity in Prosecution and Sentencing.&#8221; Criminology 52.3: p. 518. <\/p>\n<p>The primary author is <a href=\"http:\/\/cj.fiu.edu\/people\/faculty\/besiki-kutateladze\/\">Besiki Luka Kutateladze<\/a>  This paper is available in libraries and is written by Besiki L. Kutateladze, Nancy R. Andiloro, Brian D. Johnson, and Cassia C. Spohn. <\/p>\n<p><\/br><\/p>\n<h3>February 4th:<\/h3>\n<blockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\" data-lang=\"en\">\n<p lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">Fact 4: For the same crimes, Black men had 5-10% longer prison sentences than white men b\/w 2005 &amp; 2012 (BJS, 2015) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/hashtag\/BlackHistoryMonth?src=hash\">#BlackHistoryMonth<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&mdash; Alt BJS (@AltBJS) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/AltBJS\/status\/828040305261817856\">February 5, 2017<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Source: Rhodes, W., Kling, R., Luallen, J., &#038; Dyous, C. (2015) <a href=\"http:\/\/www.bjs.gov\/index.cfm?ty=pbdetail&#038;iid=5432\">&#8220;Federal Sentencing Disparity: 2005-2012.&#8221;<\/a>  Working Paper Series: Bureau of Justice Statistics. U.S. Department of Justice.  p. 41.   <\/p>\n<p><\/br><\/p>\n<h3>February 5th:<\/h3>\n<blockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\" data-lang=\"en\">\n<p lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">Fact 5: Black arrestees more likely to get prison sent. than white arrestees, accounting for legal factors (Spohn, 2000) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/hashtag\/BlackHistoryMonth?src=hash\">#BlackHistoryMonth<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/t.co\/yrSfqc6w0N\">pic.twitter.com\/yrSfqc6w0N<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&mdash; Alt BJS (@AltBJS) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/AltBJS\/status\/828421193581654017\">February 6, 2017<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Source: Spohn, Carissa. (2000) &#8220;Thirty Years of Sentencing Reform: The Quest for a Racially Neutral Sentencing Process.&#8221; Criminal Justice 2000. U.S. Deptartment of Justice: p. 481-2. <\/p>\n<p><\/br><\/p>\n<h3>February 6th:<\/h3>\n<blockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\" data-lang=\"en\">\n<p lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">Fact 6: Black prisoners, both male &amp; female, are disproportionally housed in restricted housing (solitary confinement) (ASCA &amp; Liman, 2016)<\/p>\n<p>&mdash; Alt BJS (@AltBJS) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/AltBJS\/status\/828780400793284609\">February 7, 2017<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Source: Association of State Correctional Administrators (ASCA), &#038; the Arthur Liman Public Interest Program, Yale Law School (2016). <a href=\"https:\/\/s3.documentcloud.org\/documents\/3227595\/ASCA-Liman-Aiming-to-Reduce-Time-in-Cell.pdf\">Aiming to Reduce Time-in-Cell:<\/a> Reports From Correctional Systems on the Numbers of Prisoners in Restricted Housing and on the Potential of Policy Changes to Bring About Reforms: p. 35. <\/p>\n<p><\/br><\/p>\n<h3>February 7th:<\/h3>\n<blockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\" data-lang=\"en\">\n<p lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">Fact 7: Cumulative racial discrimination present after accounting for multiple decision points (Stolzenberg et al., 2013) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/hashtag\/BlackHistoryMonth?src=hash\">#BlackHistoryMonth<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/t.co\/p3yGuNh1Di\">pic.twitter.com\/p3yGuNh1Di<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&mdash; Alt BJS (@AltBJS) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/AltBJS\/status\/829116363662884869\">February 7, 2017<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Source: Stolzenberg, L., D&#8217;Alessio, S.J., &#038; Eitle, D. (2013). &#8220;Race and Cumulative Discrimination in the Prosecution of Criminal Defendants.&#8221; Race and Justice, 3(4): p. 288.<\/p>\n<p>The primary author is <a href=\"http:\/\/cj.fiu.edu\/people\/faculty\/lisa-stolzenberg\/\">Liza Stolzenberg<\/a>. This paper is available in libraries and is written by Liza Stolzenberg, Stewart J. D&#8217;Alessio, and David Eitle.<\/p>\n<p><\/br><\/p>\n<h3>February 8th:<\/h3>\n<blockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\" data-lang=\"en\">\n<p lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">Fact 8: Dem &amp; Rep politicians contributed to mass incarceration &amp; racial disparities in the CJS <a href=\"https:\/\/t.co\/X3803CObmS\">https:\/\/t.co\/X3803CObmS<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/hashtag\/BlackHistoryMonth?src=hash\">#BlackHistoryMonth<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&mdash; Alt BJS (@AltBJS) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/AltBJS\/status\/829373469628448769\">February 8, 2017<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Source: Farley, R. (April 12, 2016). <a href=\"http:\/\/www.factcheck.org\/2016\/04\/bill-clinton-and-the-1994-crime-bill\/\">Bill Clinton and the 1994 Crime Bill.<\/a> <\/p>\n<p><\/br><\/p>\n<h3>February 9th:<\/h3>\n<blockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\" data-lang=\"en\">\n<p lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">Fact 9: Nonhomicide juveniles sentenced to Life WO Parole: 71% sentenced in Florida, 84% were black (Annino et al., 2009) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/hashtag\/BlackHistoryMonth?src=hash\">#BlackHistoryMonth<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&mdash; Alt BJS (@AltBJS) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/AltBJS\/status\/829716064514797569\">February 9, 2017<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Source: Annino, P.G., Rasmussen, D.W., &#038; Rice, C.B. (2009). <a href=\"https:\/\/papers.ssrn.com\/sol3\/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1490079\">&#8220;Juvenile Life Without Parole for Non-homicide Offenses: <\/a> Florida Compared to Nation.&#8221;  FSU College of Law, Public Law Research Paper No. 399. Chart D.\n<\/p>\n<p>The primary author of this research paper is <a href=\"http:\/\/www.law.fsu.edu\/our-faculty\/profiles\/annino\">Paulo Annino<\/a>. This paper is available in libraries and is written by Paulo Annino, David W. Rasmussen, and Chelsea Boehme Rice.<\/p>\n<p><\/br><\/p>\n<h3>February 10th:<\/h3>\n<blockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\" data-lang=\"en\">\n<p lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">Fact 10: Black offenders are less likely to receive mental health treatment in prisons\/jails (Thompson, 2011) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/hashtag\/BlackHistoryMonth?src=hash\">#BlackHistoryMonth<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&mdash; Alt BJS (@AltBJS) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/AltBJS\/status\/830138634267459586\">February 10, 2017<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Source: Thompson, M. (2011). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdcr.ca.gov\/ccjbh\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/172\/2020\/06\/Gender-Race-Mental-Illness_2_3.pdf\">Gender, race, and mental illness in the criminal justice system.<\/a>  National Institute of Corrections: p. 4. <\/p>\n<p><\/br><\/p>\n<h3>February 11th:<\/h3>\n<blockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\" data-lang=\"en\">\n<p lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">Fact 11: Black offenders released from prisons face additional barriers to employment upon reentry (Decker et al., 2014) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/hashtag\/BlackHistoryMonth?src=hash\">#BlackHistoryMonth<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&mdash; Alt BJS (@AltBJS) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/AltBJS\/status\/830443675708702720\">February 11, 2017<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Source: Decker, S.H., Spohn, C., Ortiz, N.R., &#038; Hedberg, E. (2014). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncjrs.gov\/pdffiles1\/nij\/grants\/244756.pdf\">Criminal stigma, race, gender and employment: <\/a> An expanded assessment of the consequences of imprisonment for employment. National Institute of Justice: p.1.\n<\/p>\n<p><\/br><\/p>\n<h3>February 12th:<\/h3>\n<blockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\" data-lang=\"en\">\n<p lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">Fact 12: US rates of drug use ~= B\/W (CBHSQ, 2015), Black people arrested at a significantly higher rate (Snyder, 2011) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/hashtag\/BlackHistoryMonth?src=hash\">#BlackHistoryMonth<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/t.co\/dyeBhuunVw\">pic.twitter.com\/dyeBhuunVw<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&mdash; Alt BJS (@AltBJS) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/AltBJS\/status\/830927701146005504\">February 12, 2017<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>\nSources:\n<\/p>\n<p>\nCenter for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality (CBHSQ). (September 2015). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.samhsa.gov\/data\/sites\/default\/files\/NSDUH-DetTabs2014\/NSDUH-DetTabs2014.htm\">Results from the 2014 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: <\/a> Detailed Tables. Table 1.19A and 1.19B.\n<\/p>\n<p>\nSnyder, H.N. (2011) <a href=\"http:\/\/www.bjs.gov\/index.cfm?ty=pbdetail&#038;iid=2203\">&#8220;Arrests in the United States, 1980-2009.&#8221;<\/a>  Bureau of Justice Statistics. U.S. Department of Justice: Figure 40.<\/p>\n<p><\/br><\/p>\n<h3>February 13th:<\/h3>\n<blockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\" data-lang=\"en\">\n<p lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">Fact 13:But education reduces crime (Sampson &amp; Laub, 1993; Uggen, 2000; Machin et al., 2011; Hjalmarsson &amp; Lochner, 2012) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/hashtag\/BlackHistoryMonth?src=hash\">#BlackHistoryMonth<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/t.co\/tJutZtZp2l\">https:\/\/t.co\/tJutZtZp2l<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&mdash; Alt BJS (@AltBJS) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/AltBJS\/status\/831175805950631938\">February 13, 2017<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>\nSources:\n<\/p>\n<p>\nP.L. 105-244. <a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20161118101132\/https:\/\/www2.ed.gov\/policy\/highered\/leg\/hea98\/index.html?exp=3\">1998 Amendments to the Higher Education Act of 1965.<\/a>\n<\/p>\n<p>\nLaub, J. H., &#038; Sampson, R. J. (1993). <a href=\"http:\/\/scholar.harvard.edu\/sampson\/files\/1993_crim_laub.pdf\">&#8220;Turning Points in the Life Course: <\/a> Why Change Matters to the Study of Crime.&#8221; Criminology, 31(3), 301-325.\n<\/p>\n<p>\nSchnittker, J., Massoglia, M., &#038; Uggen, C. (2011). <a href=\"http:\/\/users.soc.umn.edu\/~uggen\/Schnittker_Massoglia_Uggen_DR_11.pdf\">&#8220;Incarceration and Health of the African American Community.&#8221;<\/a>  Du Bois Review, 8(1), 1-9.\n<\/p>\n<p>\nMachin, S., Marie, O., &#038; Vujic\\0x0107, S. (2011). &#8220;The Crime Reducing Effect of Education.&#8221; The Economic Journal: The Journal of the Royal Economic Society, 121(552), 463-484.\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\tThe corresponding author of this research paper is <a href=\"https:\/\/www.uantwerpen.be\/nl\/personeel\/suncica-vujic\/\">Suncica Vujic\\0x0107.<\/a> This paper is available in libraries and is written by Stephen Machin, Oliveier Marie, and Suncica Vujic\\0x0107.\n<\/p>\n<p>\nHjalmarsson, R. &#038; L., Lochner. (2012). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.econstor.eu\/bitstream\/10419\/167078\/1\/ifo-dice-report-v10-y2012-i2-p49-55.pdf\">&#8220;The Impact of Education on Crime: International Evidence.&#8221;<\/a> CESifo DICE Report, 10(2), 49-55.\n<\/p>\n<p><\/br><\/p>\n<h3>February 14th:<\/h3>\n<blockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\" data-lang=\"en\">\n<p lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">Fact 14: Incarceration in America-<br \/>1 in 100 adults<br \/>1 in 15 Black adult males<br \/>1 in 9 Black males aged 20-34<br \/>(Warren, 2008) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/hashtag\/BlackHistoryMonth?src=hash\">#BlackHistoryMonth<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&mdash; Alt BJS (@AltBJS) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/AltBJS\/status\/831504118820790273\">February 14, 2017<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>\nSource: Warren, J. (2008) <a href=\"http:\/\/www.pewtrusts.org\/~\/media\/legacy\/uploadedfiles\/wwwpewtrustsorg\/reports\/sentencing_and_corrections\/onein100pdf.pdf\">One in 100: Behind Bars in America 2008.<\/a>  Pew Research Center: Washington, D.C.<\/p>\n<p><\/br><\/p>\n<h3>February 15th:<\/h3>\n<blockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\" data-lang=\"en\">\n<p lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">Fact 15: National detention rate for black youth 6x more &amp; commitment rate 4x more than white youth (Hockenberry, 2016)  <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/hashtag\/BlackHistoryMonth?src=hash\">#BlackHistoryMonth<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&mdash; Alt BJS (@AltBJS) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/AltBJS\/status\/831968243267014656\">February 15, 2017<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>\nSource: Hockenberry, S. (2016) <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ojjdp.gov\/pubs\/249507.pdf\">Juveniles in Residential Placement, 2013.<\/a>  U.S. Department of Justice. p. 13.<\/p>\n<p><\/br><\/p>\n<h3>February 16th:<\/h3>\n<blockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\" data-lang=\"en\">\n<p lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">Fact 16: Wrongful convictions are racially disparate. The majority (49%) of exonerees are Black (Irazola et al., 2013) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/hashtag\/BlackHistoryMonth?src=hash\">#BlackHistoryMonth<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/t.co\/qZhqzH0nt0\">pic.twitter.com\/qZhqzH0nt0<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&mdash; Alt BJS (@AltBJS) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/AltBJS\/status\/832480751517962244\">February 17, 2017<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>\nSource: Irazola, S., Williamson, E., Stircker, J., &#038; Niedzwiecki, E. (2013). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncjrs.gov\/pdffiles1\/nij\/grants\/244084.pdf\">Study of Victim Experiences of Wrongful Conviction.<\/a>  National Institute of Justice.\n<\/p>\n<p><\/br><\/p>\n<h3>February 17th:<\/h3>\n<blockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\" data-lang=\"en\">\n<p lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">Fact 17:Black defendants more likely to be wrongfully convicted of murder, sexual assault &amp; violence (Olney &amp; Bonn, 2014) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/hashtag\/BlackHistoryMonth?src=hash\">#BlackHistoryMonth<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/t.co\/RPeq0yW9Of\">pic.twitter.com\/RPeq0yW9Of<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&mdash; Alt BJS (@AltBJS) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/AltBJS\/status\/832484311530024960\">February 17, 2017<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<blockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\" data-lang=\"en\">\n<p lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">Fact 17a: DNA evidence doesn&#39;t fully explain higher rate of wrongful conviction of Black defendants (Olney &amp; Bonn, 2014) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/hashtag\/BlackHistoryMonth?src=hash\">#BlackHistoryMonth<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/t.co\/z5nVHCi8L0\">pic.twitter.com\/z5nVHCi8L0<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&mdash; Alt BJS (@AltBJS) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/AltBJS\/status\/832486793287069697\">February 17, 2017<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<blockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\" data-lang=\"en\">\n<p lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">Fact 17b: Wrongfully convicted Black defendants also had to wait longer prior to their release (Olney &amp; Bonn, 2014) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/hashtag\/BlackHistoryMonth?src=hash\">#BlackHistoryMonth<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/t.co\/0vfM0RoLI4\">pic.twitter.com\/0vfM0RoLI4<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&mdash; Alt BJS (@AltBJS) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/AltBJS\/status\/832488402889044001\">February 17, 2017<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>\nOlney, M. &#038; Bonn, S. (2014). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psychologytoday.com\/sites\/default\/files\/attachments\/142230\/final-pdfcriminal-justice-policy-review-2014-olney-0887403414521461.pdf\">&#8220;An Exploratory Study <\/a> of the Legal and Non-legal Factors Associated with Exoneration for Wrongful Conviction: The Power of DNA Evidence.&#8221; Criminal Justice Policy Review, p. 1-21.\n<\/p>\n<p><\/br><\/p>\n<h3>February 18th:<\/h3>\n<blockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\" data-lang=\"en\">\n<p lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">Fact 18:Racial disparities in community supervision-38% of parole &amp; 30% of probation are Black (Kaeble and Bonczar, 2016) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/hashtag\/BlackHistoryMonth?src=hash\">#BlackHistoryMonth<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&mdash; Alt BJS (@AltBJS) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/AltBJS\/status\/833096998953816064\">February 18, 2017<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>\nKaeble, D. &#038; Bonczar, T.P. (2016).  <a href=\"http:\/\/www.bjs.gov\/index.cfm?ty=pbdetail&#038;iid=5784\">&#8220;Probation and Parole in the United States, 2015.&#8221;<\/a> Bureau of Justice Statistics. <\/p>\n<p><\/br><\/p>\n<h3>February 19th:<\/h3>\n<blockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\" data-lang=\"en\">\n<p lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">Fact 19:Black drivers more likely to be stopped, ticketed, &amp; searched by police than white drivers (Langton&amp;Durose, 2013) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/hashtag\/BlackHistoryMonth?src=hash\">#BlackHistoryMonth<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&mdash; Alt BJS (@AltBJS) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/AltBJS\/status\/833510825897947137\">February 20, 2017<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>\nLangton, L. &#038; Durose, M. (2013).  <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bjs.gov\/content\/pub\/pdf\/pbtss11.pdf\">&#8220;Police Behavior During Traffic and Street Stops, 2011.&#8221;<\/a>  Bureau of Justice Statistics.<\/p>\n<p><\/br><\/p>\n<h3>February 20th:<\/h3>\n<blockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\" data-lang=\"en\">\n<p lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">Fact 20: Blacks more likely to experience threat\/use of force &amp; excessive nonfatal force by police (Hyland et al., 2015) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/hashtag\/BlackHistoryMonth?src=hash\">#BlackHistoryMonth<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/t.co\/99hgX6odmY\">pic.twitter.com\/99hgX6odmY<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&mdash; Alt BJS (@AltBJS) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/AltBJS\/status\/833693952029102080\">February 20, 2017<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>\nHyland, S., Langton, L., &#038; Davis, E. (2015). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bjs.gov\/content\/pub\/pdf\/punf0211.pdf\">&#8220;Police Use of Nonfatal Force, 2002-11.&#8221;<\/a>  Bureau of Justice Statistics: p. 4.<\/p>\n<p><\/br><\/p>\n<h3>February 21st:<\/h3>\n<blockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\" data-lang=\"en\">\n<p lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">Fact 21:Foreclosure crisis race-based &quot;systematic failure to enforce basic civil rights&#13;laws in the US&quot;(Rugh&amp;Massey 2010) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/hashtag\/BlackHistoryMonth?src=hash\">#BlackHistoryMonth<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/t.co\/RNfKGSz6d0\">pic.twitter.com\/RNfKGSz6d0<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&mdash; Alt BJS (@AltBJS) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/AltBJS\/status\/834158649639628800\">February 21, 2017<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>\nRugh, J.S. &#038; Massey, D.S. (2010). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4193596\/pdf\/nihms453811.pdf\">&#8220;Racial Segregation and the American Foreclosure Crisis.&#8221;<\/a>  American Sociological Review, 75(5): p. 629-651.<\/p>\n<p><\/br><\/p>\n<h3>February 22nd:<\/h3>\n<blockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\" data-lang=\"en\">\n<p lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">Fact 22: Since 1981, Black youth have been arrested for drug violations at higher rates than White youth (NCJJ, 2015) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/hashtag\/BlackHistoryMonth?src=hash\">#BlackHistoryMonth<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&mdash; Alt BJS (@AltBJS) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/AltBJS\/status\/834600823220998145\">February 23, 2017<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>\nSource: National Center for Juvenile Justice (2014). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ojjdp.gov\/ojstatbb\/nr2014\/downloads\/NR2014.pdf\">Juvenile offenders and victims: 2014 national report.<\/a>  Eds. Sickmund, M. &#038; Puzzanchera, C. Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention: p. 137.<\/p>\n<p><\/br><\/p>\n<h3>February 23rd:<\/h3>\n<blockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\" data-lang=\"en\">\n<p lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">Fact 23: US Judges report Blacks experience &quot;differential treatment by criminal justice officials&quot; (Clair &amp; Winter, 2016) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/hashtag\/BlackHistoryMonth?src=hash\">#BlackHistoryMonth<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&mdash; Alt BJS (@AltBJS) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/AltBJS\/status\/834946858283843584\">February 24, 2017<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>\nSource: Cair, M. &#038; Winter, A.S. (2016). <a href=\"http:\/\/scholar.harvard.edu\/files\/matthewclair\/files\/clair_winter_how_judges_think_about_racial_disparities.pdf\">&#8220;How Judges Think About Racial Disparities: <\/a> Situational Decision-Making in the Criminal Justice System.&#8221; Crimonology: p. 22. <\/p>\n<p><\/br><\/p>\n<h3>February 24th:<\/h3>\n<blockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\" data-lang=\"en\">\n<p lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">Fact 24: Despite decreasing Black crime rates, mass imprisonment crisis fueled by Black pop size (Campbell et al., 2015) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/hashtag\/BlackHistoryMonth?src=hash\">#BlackHistoryMonth<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/t.co\/OgCnkPM6kR\">pic.twitter.com\/OgCnkPM6kR<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&mdash; Alt BJS (@AltBJS) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/AltBJS\/status\/835116988624175108\">February 24, 2017<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>\nSource: Campbell, M.C., Vogel, M., &#038; Williams, J. (2015). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.prisonlegalnews.org\/media\/publications\/Criminology%20-%20Historical%20Contingencies%20Explaining%20Mass%20Incarceration%202015.pdf\">&#8220;Historical Contingencies and the Evolving Importance of Race, Violent Crime, and Region in Explaining Mass Incarceration in the United States.&#8221;<\/a>  Criminology, 53(2): p. 199. <\/p>\n<p><\/br><\/p>\n<h3>February 25th:<\/h3>\n<blockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\" data-lang=\"en\">\n<p lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">Fact 25: Segregation matters. Blacks are more likely to be arrested in White neighborhoods (Fielding-Miller et al., 2016) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/hashtag\/BlackHistoryMonth?src=hash\">#BlackHistoryMonth<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/t.co\/KWdLM0Ng3v\">pic.twitter.com\/KWdLM0Ng3v<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&mdash; Alt BJS (@AltBJS) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/AltBJS\/status\/835675747008266242\">February 26, 2017<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>\nSource: Fielding-Miller, R., Davidson, P., &#038; Raj, A. (2016). &#8220;Blacks Face Higher Risk of Drug Arrests in White Neighborhoods.&#8221; The International Journal on Drug Policy, 32: p. 100-103.\n<\/p>\n<p>\nThe primary author is <a href=\"https:\/\/profiles.ucsd.edu\/rebecca.fieldingmiller\">Rebecca Fielding-Miller<\/a>  .  This paper is available in libraries and is written by Rebecca Fielding-Miller, Peter Davidson, and Anita Raj.\n<\/p>\n<p><\/br><\/p>\n<h3>February 26th:<\/h3>\n<blockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\" data-lang=\"en\">\n<p lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">Fact26:&quot;Incarceration depresses the total earnings of Wt males by 2%, of Hsp<br \/>males by 6%,&amp; of Blk males by 9%&quot;(Pew, 2010) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/hashtag\/BlackHistoryMonth?src=hash\">#BlackHistoryMonth<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&mdash; Alt BJS (@AltBJS) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/AltBJS\/status\/836025219571662848\">February 27, 2017<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>\nSource: Pew Research Center. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.pewtrusts.org\/~\/media\/legacy\/uploadedfiles\/pcs_assets\/2010\/collateralcosts1pdf.pdf\">Collateral Costs: Incarceration&#8217;s Effect on Economic Mobility.<\/a>   Washington, D.C.  p. 4.<\/p>\n<p><\/br><\/p>\n<h3>February 27th:<\/h3>\n<blockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\" data-lang=\"en\">\n<p lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">Fact 27:Black prisoners disproportionally housed in private prisons w less rehabilitation programs (Petrella&amp;Begley 2013) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/hashtag\/BlackHistoryMonth?src=hash\">#BlackHistoryMonth<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&mdash; Alt BJS (@AltBJS) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/AltBJS\/status\/836404572021207040\">February 28, 2017<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>\nSource: Petrella, C. &#038; Begley, J. (2013). <a href=\"http:\/\/journal.radicalcriminology.org\/index.php\/rc\/article\/view\/27\/pdf\">&#8220;The Color of Corporate Corrections: <\/a> The Overrepresentation of People of Color in the For-Profit Corrections Industry.&#8221; Radical Criminology, 2: p. 139-148.\n<\/p>\n<p><\/br><\/p>\n<h3>February 28th:<\/h3>\n<blockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\" data-lang=\"en\">\n<p lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">Fact 28:Black girls disciplined more harshly than their White peers in schools, impacts graduation(Crenshaw et al., 2015) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/hashtag\/BlackHistoryMonth?src=hash\">#BlackHistoryMonth<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&mdash; Alt BJS (@AltBJS) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/AltBJS\/status\/836734327182483456\">March 1, 2017<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>\nSource: Crenshaw, K. (2015) <a href=\"http:\/\/www.atlanticphilanthropies.org\/app\/uploads\/2015\/09\/BlackGirlsMatter_Report.pdf\">Black Girls Matter: <\/a> Pushed Out, Overpoliced and Underprotected. Columbia Law School Center for Intersectionality and Social Policy Studies.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>During Black History Month, the twitter user @AltBJS presented 28 under-discussed facts about racial disparities in the justice system. I collected the sources.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":21,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"coauthors":[33],"class_list":["post-5430","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.prisonpolicy.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5430","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.prisonpolicy.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.prisonpolicy.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.prisonpolicy.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/21"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.prisonpolicy.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5430"}],"version-history":[{"count":39,"href":"https:\/\/www.prisonpolicy.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5430\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":13682,"href":"https:\/\/www.prisonpolicy.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5430\/revisions\/13682"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.prisonpolicy.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5430"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.prisonpolicy.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5430"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.prisonpolicy.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5430"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.prisonpolicy.org\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=5430"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}