Site Network: Prison Policy Initiative | Prisoners of the Census

Incarceration Rates Growth Causes

  • Philadelphia's Crowded, Costly Jails: The Search for Safe Solutions, Pew Charitable Trusts. May, 2010.
  • Integration Debate Two Tiered Justice, [PDF] Marc Mauer, Sentencing Project. January, 2010. "[I]n the most profound betrayal of the promise of integration and opportunity, the United States has created a world-record prison population, fueled by policies that have exposed substantial portions of African Americans to the.. criminal justice system."
  • Fact Sheet DOJ Report on Prisoners 2008, [PDF] Justice Policy Institute. December, 2009. (The report shows that although the growth in imprisonment is down, the number of people in prison is still increasing, up more than 12,000 people from last year. This number continues to grow even as crime goes down.)
  • Prisoners in 2008 Bureau of Justice Statistics. December, 2009. "These are the only comprehensive national-level data on prison admissions and releases."
  • Probation and Parole in the United States, 2008 Bureau of Justice Statistics. December, 2009. "The report examines… changes in the probation and parole populations, such as the number of entries and exits, the rate at which probationers and parolees exit supervision, changes in the populations within jurisdictions, and compositional changes."
  • Jails in Indian Country, 2008 Bureau of Justice Statistics. December, 2009. "The report includes data on the number of adults and juveniles held, type of offense, number of persons confined on the last weekday of each month, average daily population, peak population, and admissions in June 2008."
  • Michigan Breaks the Political Logjam: A New Model for Reducing Prison Populations, [PDF] Prison Project of the ACLU. November, 2009.
  • Racial Disparities in the Criminal Justice System [PDF] Sentencing Project. October, 2009. ([An] overview of the factors that contribute to racial disparity in the justice system, and recommend[ed] changes in policy and practice that could reduce these disparities without compromising public safety.)
  • Fact Sheet Response to 2008 FBI Uniform Crime Report, [PDF] Justice Policy Institute. September, 2009. (The 2008 FBI Uniform Crime Report shows that during 2008, at a time in which prison and jail growth rates dropped, the United States experienced a 1.9 percent decline in violent crimes and a 0.8 percent decline in property crimes reported.)
  • No Exit: The Expanding Use of Life Sentences in America Sentencing Project. July, 2009. "A record 140,610 individuals are now serving life sentences in state and federal prisons, 6,807 of whom were juveniles at the time of the crime."
  • Pruning Prisons How Cutting Corrections Can Save Money and Protect Public Safety, [PDF] Justice Policy Institute. May, 2009. (The United States spends spend billions to incarcerate people in prisons and jails with little impact on public safety, but redirecting funds to community-based alternatives will decrease prison populations, save money, and preserve public safety.)
  • Fact Sheet on FY2010 Department of Justice Budget [PDF] Justice Policy Institute. May, 2009. (The Factsheet on 2010 Department of Justice Budget finds that the 2010 DOJ budget directs more money to law enforcement than prevention with the likely long-term outcome being increased arrests, incarceration, and money spent on corrections.)
  • Parental Imprisonment, the Prison Boom, and the Concentration of Childhood Disadvantage, [PDF] Christopher Wildeman. May, 2009. "Parental imprisonment has emerged as a novel—and distinctively American—childhood risk that is concentrated among black children and children of low-education parents."
  • Jailing Communities The Impact of Jail Expansion and Effective Public Safety Strategies, [PDF] Justice Policy Institute. April, 2009. "In 2006, prison population growth was half what it was in 1996, but in recent years, jail population growth has exceeded that of prisons."
  • The Changing Racial Dynamics of the War on Drugs [PDF] Sentencing Project. April, 2009. "Reports a sharp decline in black incarceration for drug offenses for the first time in 25 years."
  • Bearing Witness Baltimore City's Residents Give Voice to What's Needed to Fix the Criminal Justice System, [PDF] Justice Policy Institute. April, 2009. (Bearing Witness captures the perspectives of the people of Baltimore City impacted by the criminal justice system and their suggestions for alternatives to addressing social problems.)
  • The Release Valve: Parole in Maryland, [PDF] Justice Policy Institute. March, 2009. "[I]n 2007 [Maryland] spent approximately $1,422 per person on parole or probation, and $33,310 per person incarcerated."
  • Judging Maryland Baltimore Judges on Effective Solutions to Working with Substance Abusers in the Criminal Justice System, [PDF] Justice Policy Institute. March, 2009. "Judges recommend an increase in or expansion of residential care facilities and a more holistic ap- proach to helping substance abusers caught up in the criminal justice system."
  • Judging Maryland Baltimore Judges on Effective Solutions to Working with Substance Abusers in the Criminal Justice System, [PDF] Justice Policy Institute. March, 2009. "Judges recommend an increase in or expansion of residential care facilities and a more holistic ap- proach to helping substance abusers caught up in the criminal justice system."
  • One in 31: The Long Reach of American Corrections, [PDF] The Pew Center on the States. March, 2009. "For eight geographically diverse states [...] 88% of the increase in corrections spending was directed towards prisons, which now consume nearly nine out of every ten state corrections dollars."
  • Prisoners in 2007 [PDF] Bureau of Justice Statistics. December, 2008. "At yearend 2007, federal and state prisons and local jails held just under 2.3 million inmates (2,293,157). The number of inmates incarcerated in prison or jail increased by 1.5% during the year."
  • Jails in Indian Country, 2007 [PDF] Bureau of Justice Statistics. November, 2008. "Eighty-three jails in Indian country held an estimated 2,163 inmates at midyear 2007, up from 1,745 inmates held in 68 facilities at midyear 2004."
  • Census of State and Federal Correctional Facilities, 2005 [PDF] Bureau of Justice Statistics. October, 2008. "The number of prisoners held in custody in state and federal correctional facilities increased 10% from 1,305,253 in 2000 to 1,430,208 in 2005."
  • Federal Justice Statistics, 2005 [PDF] Bureau of Justice Statistics. September, 2008. "In 2005, immigration (27%) was the most prevalent arrest offense followed by drug (24%) and supervision violations (17%)."
  • Parents in Prison and Their Minor Children [PDF] Bureau of Justice Statistics. August, 2008. "Parents held in the nation’s prisons—52% of state inmates and 63% of federal inmates—reported having an estimated 1,706,600 minor children, accounting for 2.3% of the U.S. resident population under age 18."
  • Jail Inmates at Midyear 2007 [PDF] Bureau of Justice Statistics. June, 2008. "The total rated capacity of local jails at midyear 2007 reached 813,502 beds, up from an estimated 677,787 beds at midyear 2000."
  • Growth in Michigan's Corrections System: Historical and Comparative Perspectives, [PDF] Citizen's Research Counsel of Michigan. June, 2008. "Michigan’s prison population growth is the product of a combination of several different factors including: increases in felony dispositions, swelling prison commitments, higher recidivism rates, and an increased average prisoner length of stay."
  • Prison Inmates at Midyear 2007 [PDF] Bureau of Justice Statistics. June, 2008. "Between January and June 2007, the prison population increased by 1.6% (or 24,919 prisoners), compared to a 2% increase during the first six months of 2006."
  • Do More Prisoners Equal Less Crime? A Response to George Will Sentencing Project. June, 2008. "Will's selective use of data and limited vision provide an inaccurate portrayal of current criminal justice policy and its effects. [This piece] is an assessment of some of the key arguments raised in the column."
  • One in 100: Behind Bars in America 2008, The Pew Center on the States. February, 2008. "[F]or the first time in history, more than one in every 100 adults in America are in jail or prison-a fact that significantly impacts state budgets without delivering a clear return on public safety."
  • The State of Sentencing 2007: Developments in Policy and Practice, The Sentencing Project. January, 2008. "Confronted with the high cost of continued prison growth, policymakers in 18 states took steps during 2007 to review the effectiveness of their criminal justice systems or institute reforms to limit recidivism and sentence lengths..."
  • Prisoners in 2006 [PDF] Bureau of Justice Statistics. December, 2007. "During 2006 the number of women in prison increased by 4.5%, reaching 112,498 prisoners."
  • Housing and Public Safety Justice Policy Institute. November, 2007. "For populations who are the most at-risk for criminal justice system involvement, supportive or affordable housing has been shown to be a cost effective public investment."
  • Unlocking America: Why and How to Reduce America's Prison Population, [PDF] JFA Institute. November, 2007. "Not only are our lengths of imprisonment signifi cantly longer than they were in earlier periods in our penal history, but they are considerably longer than in most Western nations."
  • Justice, Where Art Thou? A Framework for the Future, Council on Crime and Justice. October, 2007. (This report analysies past and current incarceration trends in Minnesotra and makes projection through the year 2030.)
  • Felony Sentences in State Courts, 2004 [PDF] Bureau of Justice Statistics. July, 2007. "Between 1994 and 2004, the number of felony convictions in State courts increased 24%."
  • Prison and Jail Inmates at Midyear 2006 [PDF] Bureau of Justice Statistics. June, 2007. "For the 12 months ending June 30, 2006, State systems reported a larger increase than the Federal system in the number of inmates housed in private prisons."
  • Changing Direction? State Sentencing Reforms 2004-2006, [PDF] The Sentencing Project. March, 2007. "The report... identifies that the most popular approach for reducing prison crowding -- implemented by 13 states -- was the diversion of low-level drug offenders from prison to drug treatment programs."
  • Addressing Key Criminal Justice Issues in the 21st Century [PDF] The Correctional Association of New York. February, 2007. "This special report presents some of our top reform proposals for the state's new administration to consider and the benefits they will provide for people caught up in the criminal justice system and for society as a whole."
  • The Myth of Immigrant Criminality and the Paradox of Assimilation: Incarceration Rates among Native and Foreign-Born Men, American Immigration Law Foundation. February, 2007. "[F]or every ethnic group without exception, incarceration rates among young men are lowest for immigrants, even those who are the least educated."
  • World Prison Population List. Eighth ed. Roy Walmsley, International Centre for Prison Studies, King's College London. February, 2007. "Over 9.8 million people are incarcerated, with over 30% held in the Unites States."
  • Public Safety, Public Spending: Forecasting America's Prison Population 2007-2011, [PDF] Public Safety Performance Project of The Pew Charitable Trusts. February, 2007. "This report provides forecasts for prison populations and incarceration rates for all 50 states."
  • Reconsidering Incarceration: New Directions for Reducing Crime, Vera Institute of Justice. January, 2007. "An increase in the number of police per capita, a reduction in unemployment, and increases in real wage rates and education have all been shown to be associated with lower rates of crime."
  • Solving California's Corrections Crisis: Time is Running Out, Milton Marks. January, 2007. "California's correctional system is in a tailspin that threatens public safety and raises the risk of fiscal disaster."(An overview of the current state of the California corrections system, with recommendations.)
  • Race and Incarceration in Delaware: A Preliminary Consideration, [PDF] Thomas P. Eichler, Published by Delaware Center for Justice and Metropolitan Wilmington Urban League. 2007. "Delaware’s criminal justice system treats Blacks differently and far less favorably than similarly situated Whites. The data shows that the racial disparities in the criminal justice system are increasing."
  • The Criminal Justice System in Washington State: Incarceration Rates, Taxpayer Costs, Crime Rates, and Prison Economics, Washington State Institute for Public Policy. 2007. (In Washington state increasing the rate of incarceration reduces crime rates, however because of diminishing returns, the proportional decrease in crime is much lower now than it was in the 1980's.)
  • Probation and Parole in the United States, 2005 [PDF] Bureau of Justice Statistics. November, 2006. "In 2005 the Nation's parole population grew 1.6%. This was an increase of 12,556 parolees during the year."
  • Prisoners in 2005 [PDF] Bureau of Justice Statistics. November, 2006. "State prisons were operating between 1% below and 14% above capacity; Federal prisons were operating at 34% above capacity."
  • Evidence-Based Public Policy Options to Reduce Future Prison Construction, Criminal Justice Costs, and Crime Rates, Washington State Institute for Public Policy. October, 2006. "We find that some evidence-based programs can reduce crime, but others cannot. Per dollar of spending, several of the successful programs produce favorable returns on investment."
  • 2006 Crime and Justice Index [PDF] Chicago Metropolis 2020. October, 2006. "This Index presents data on crime trends and justice patterns in the region over time. It also explores specific policy issues and some promising practices intended to address seemingly intractable problems in the criminal justice systems."
  • When "life" did not mean life A Historical Analysis of Life Sentences Imposed in Michigan Since 1900, [PDF] Citizens Alliance on Prisons & Public Spending. September, 2006. "The historical record makes it indisputably clear that a life sentence in Michigan did not always mean "no release.""
  • Estimated Prevalence of Felons Among the Oklahoma Adult Population [PDF] Oklahoma Criminal Justice Resource Center. September, 2006. "Nearly one in seven adult males and one in every 30 adult females in Oklahoma have either been to prison or supervised on probation."
  • Task Force on California Prison Crowding [PDF] National Council on Crime and Delinquency. August, 2006. "Essential services, procedures, and structures designed to reduce recidivism, break the intergenerational cycle of violence, and save taxpayer dollars for more positive expenditures will reduc[e] crime in our communities and enhanc[e] public safety."
  • Recent Trends in New Hampshire's Prison Population [PDF] New Hampshire Center for Public Policy Studies. June, 2006. "Parole revocation is the main factor driving prison admissions, and most revocations are not due to new crimes. In 2002... 66 percent were for technical violations."
  • Strengthening Criminal Justice System Practices in Chemung County, NY [PDF] Center for Governmental Research, Inc.. May, 2006. "[A]bout 125 defendants a year are released from jail after 45 days due to lack of timely prosecution. If the jail time for these individuals could be cut in half, almost 8 fewer persons would need to be housed in jail every night."
  • Prison and Jail Inmates at Midyear 2005 [PDF] Bureau of Justice Statistics. May, 2006.
  • Alabama Sentencing Commission 2006 Report [PDF] Alabama Sentencing Commission. January, 2006. "Of Alabama's inmate population, almost 1 out of 3 inmates are sentenced as an habitual offender."
  • Reducing Racial Disparity While Enhancing Public Safety: Key Findings and Recommendations, [PDF] Council on Crime and Justice. 2006. "The racial disparity in Minnesota's justice system is exceptionally high compared to other states. From arrest to imprisonment, the disparity is over twice the national average."
  • Probation and Parole in the United States, 2004 [PDF] Bureau of Justice Statistics. November, 2005.
  • Prisoners in 2004 [PDF] Bureau of Justice Statistics. October, 2005.
  • Hennepin County Disproportionate Minority Contact Study Examining Extended Jurisdiction Juvenile and Adult Certification Cases, [PDF] Council on Crime and Justice. October, 2005. "[R]ace was not significant when considering the disposition of Extended Jurisdiction Juvenile or Adult Certification motioning. Instead, weapons and firearms appear to be the most influential factor in both motioning and dispositions."
  • Searching for Justice: American Indian Perspectives on Disparities in Minnesota's Criminal Justice System, [PDF] Council on Crime and Justice. August, 2005. "This report indicates that in one county, while American Indians make up only 11.5% of the population, they account for over 50% of the arrest rates."
  • Jails in Indian Country, 2003 [PDF] Bureau of Justice Statistics. April, 2005.
  • Prison and Jail Inmates at Midyear 2004 [PDF] Bureau of Justice Statistics. April, 2005.
  • California Corrections at the Crossroads [PDF] National Council on Crime and Delinquency. March, 2005. "California was once a leader in innovative corrections legislation and programming. However... the last twenty years... have left California with a huge and dysfunctional criminal justice system in woeful need of reform."
  • Tipping Point: Maryland's Overuse of incarceration and the impact on Public Safety, Justice Policy Institute. March, 2005.
  • The Federal Prison Population: A Statistical Analysis, [PDF] Sentencing Project. January, 2005.
  • Adult and Juvenile Correctional Population Projections Fiscal Years 2005-2010, [PDF] Legislative Budget Board. January, 2005. (Texas prison population projections: the adult prison population is projected to increase, while probation population decreases, in juvenile populations both groups projected to grow.)
  • Felony Sentences in State Courts, 2002 [PDF] Bureau of Justice Statistics. December, 2004.
  • Prisoners in 2003 [PDF] Bureau of Justice Statistics. November, 2004.
  • Difficult times in Kentucky corrections: Aftershocks of a "tough on crime" philosophy, Robert G. Lawson. November, 2004.
  • Racial Divide: California's 3 Strikes Law, Justice Policy Institute. October, 2004.
  • 3 Strikes & You're Out: An examination of 3-Strike Laws 10 years after their Enactment, Justice Policy Institute. September, 2004.
  • No way out Michigan's parole board redefines the meaning of "life", [PDF] Citizens Alliance on Prisons & Public Spending. September, 2004. (When judges imposed a life sentence, they assumed that the prisoner would be parolled in 10-15 years, but in the 1990's the parol board started denying parol, in effect changing the sentence, contributing to overcrowding and increasing costs of prisons.)
  • Swing States: Crime, Prisons and the Future of the Nation, Justice Policy Institute. August, 2004.
  • Profile of Jail Inmates, 2002 [PDF] Bureau of Justice Statistics. July, 2004.
  • Probation and Parole in the United States, 2003 [PDF] Bureau of Justice Statistics. July, 2004.
  • The Meaning of Long Prison Sentences in Context, Sentencing Project. May, 2004.
  • Prison and Jail Inmates at Midyear 2003 [PDF] Bureau of Justice Statistics. May, 2004.
  • Virginia Criminal Sentencing Commission Annual Report 2003, [PDF] Virginia Criminal Sentencing Commission. March, 2004. (An increasing number of people on probation or parole who have not committed new crimes are being sent to prison for breaking their release conditions)
  • Still Striking Out: Ten Years of California's Three Strikes, [PDF] Justice Policy Institute. March, 2004.
  • Building Bridges: From Conviction to Employment - One Year Later [PDF] Council of State Governments. February, 2004. (contains detailed maps of high incarceration areas in Hartford and New Haven Connecticut)
  • Options for Policymakers Considering a Justice Reinvestment Initiative in Louisiana, [PDF] Council of State Governments. January, 2004.
  • The high cost of denying parole: an analysis of prisoners eligible for release, [PDF] Citizens Alliance on Prisons & Public Spending. November, 2003. "Although other important factors exist, the single biggest reason for prison growth has been changed parole practices. Far more people who have served their minimum sentences and are, by law, eligible for release, are being denied parole."
  • Jails in Indian Country, 2002 [PDF] Bureau of Justice Statistics. November, 2003.
  • Probation and Parole in the United States, 2002 [PDF] Bureau of Justice Statistics. August, 2003.
  • Prevalence of Imprisonment in the U.S. Population, 1974-2001, [PDF] Bureau of Justice Statistics. August, 2003.
  • Census of State and Federal Correctional Facilities, 2000 [PDF] Bureau of Justice Statistics. August, 2003.
  • New Prison Statistics: Nation's Use of Incarceration On the Rise Again, [PDF] Justice Policy Institute. July, 2003.
  • Prisoners in 2002 [PDF] Bureau of Justice Statistics. July, 2003.
  • U.S. Prison Populations Trends and Implications, [PDF] Sentencing Project. May, 2003.
  • Deep Impact: Quantifying the Effect of Prison Expansion in the South, [PDF] Justice Policy Institute. April, 2003.
  • Texas Tough: 3 Years Later, [PDF] Justice Policy Institute. April, 2003. "After a three-year-decline in the prison population, Texas? prison population may once again be on the rise"
  • Mandatory minimum sentencing is unfair, ineffective, and expensive Common Sense Foundation. April, 2003. (North Carolina)
  • Prison and Jail Inmates at Midyear 2002 [PDF] Bureau of Justice Statistics. April, 2003.
  • The population of women in prison increases rapidly [PDF] Women's Prison Association. March, 2003.
  • Education and Correctional Populations [PDF] Bureau of Justice Statistics. January, 2003. "compares educational attainment of correctional populations to the general population"
  • Building Bridges: From Conviction to Employment A Proposal to Reinvest Corrections Savings in an Employment Initiative, [PDF] Council of State Governments. January, 2003.
  • Probation and Parole in the United States, 2001 [PDF] Bureau of Justice Statistics. August, 2002. (See Trends in State Parole 1990-2000 for more detail and explanations about this potentially misleading report)
  • Prisoners in 2001 [PDF] Bureau of Justice Statistics. July, 2002. "State prison population drops in second half of 2001-Federal inmate growth continues"
  • Analysis of recent Justice Department report: Prisoners in 2001, [PDF] Sentencing Project. July, 2002.
  • Jails in Indian Country, 2001 [PDF] Bureau of Justice Statistics. May, 2002. "At midyear 2001, jails in Indian country supervised 2,030 persons"
  • New Justice Department Study:| As Some State Prison Populations Decline, Federal Prison Population Grows, Justice Policy Institute. April, 2002. "While Some State Prison Populations Decline, Federal Lock-up Boom Continues As States Find Alternatives for Nonviolent and Drug Offenders, Federal Imprisonment of Non-Citizens and Drug Offenders Grows"
  • The Influences of Truth-in-Sentencing Reforms on Changes in States' Sentencing Practices and Prison Population, Urban Institute. April, 2002.
  • Prison and Jail Inmates at Midyear 2001 [PDF] Bureau of Justice Statistics. April, 2002.
  • Analysis of new Justice Department report, Prison and Jail Inmates at Midyear 2001, [PDF] Sentencing Project. April, 2002.
  • Criminal Justice and Health and Human Services: An Exploration of Overlapping Needs, Resources, and Interests in Brooklyn Neighborhoods, [PDF] Urban Institute. January, 2002. (by Eric Cadora)
  • Criminal Offender Statistics [Website] Bureau of Justice Statistics. 2002. (Frequently updated with key statistics from their other publications)
  • African American Males in the Criminal Justice System [PDF] Council on Crime and Justice. 2002. "In 2000, 37.2% of the state's prisoners were African American. By comparison only 3.5% of the population of Minnesota was African American."
  • Felony Sentences in State Courts, 1998 [PDF] Bureau of Justice Statistics. October, 2001. "In 1998 federal and state courts convicted 978,211 adults of a felony."
  • A Tale of Two Jurisdictions: Youth Crime and Detention Rates in Maryland & the District of Columbia, Building Blocks for Youth. October, 2001.
  • Census of Jails 1999 [PDF] Bureau of Justice Statistics. September, 2001. "At midyear 1999 the Nation's jails held 605,943 inmates, up 32% since the last census in 1993."
  • Prisoner Statistics, 2000 England and Wales [PDF] Home office. August, 2001.
  • Nations' Incarcerated Population Went Up, Not Down, in 1999-2000 Justice Policy Institute. August, 2001.
  • New prison population figures show slowing of growth but uncertain trends [PDF] Sentencing Project. August, 2001.
  • Prisoners in 2000 [PDF] Bureau of Justice Statistics. August, 2001.
  • Aging Behind Bars: Three Strikes, Seven Years Later, [PDF] Sentencing Project. August, 2001.
  • U.S. continues to be world leader in rate of incarceration [PDF] Sentencing Project. August, 2001.
  • Probation and Parole in the United States, 2000 [PDF] Bureau of Justice Statistics. August, 2001. "National correctional population reaches new high -- Grows by 117,400 during 2000 to total 6.5 million adults"
  • Jails in Indian Country, 2000 [PDF] Bureau of Justice Statistics. July, 2001.
  • Off Balance: Youth, Race & Crime in the News Building Blocks for Youth. April, 2001.
  • Analysis of BJS June 30, 2000 statistics [PDF] Sentencing Project. March, 2001.
  • Prison and Jail Inmates at Midyear 2000 [PDF] Bureau of Justice Statistics. March, 2001.
  • Too Little Too Late: President Clinton's Prison Legacy, [PDF] Justice Policy Institute. February, 2001.
  • The Expanding Federal Prison Population [PDF] Sentencing Project. 2001.
  • Responsibility, Rehabilitation, and Restoration: A Catholic Perspective on Crime and Criminal Justice, [PDF] Catholic Bishops of the United States. November, 2000.
  • Correctional Populations in the United States, 1997 [PDF] Bureau of Justice Statistics. November, 2000.
  • Texas Tough? An Analysis of Incarceration and Crime Trends in The Lone Star State, Justice Policy Institute. October, 2000.
  • Diminishing Returns: Crime and Incarceration in the 1990s, [PDF] Sentencing Project. September, 2000.
  • The Punishing Decade: Prison and Jail Estimates at the Millennium, [PDF] Justice Policy Institute. May, 2000.
  • State and Federal Prisoners: Profiles of Inmate Characteristics in 1991 and 1997, [PDF] General Accounting Office. May, 2000.
  • Veterans in Prison and Jail [PDF] Bureau of Justice Statistics. January, 2000. "Male military veterans are incarcerated at less than half the rate of non-veterans"
  • Shattering "Broken Windows": An Analysis of San Francisco's Alternative Crime Policies, [PDF] Justice Policy Institute. October, 1999.
  • Felony Sentences in the United States, 1996 [PDF] Bureau of Justice Statistics. July, 1999.
  • Time Served in Prison by Federal Offenders, 1986-97 [PDF] Bureau of Justice Statistics. June, 1999. "Describes changes in sentences imposed and time served brought about by the Sentencing Reform Act of 1984"
  • Prior Abuse Reported by Inmates and Probationers [PDF] Bureau of Justice Statistics. April, 1999.
  • Striking Out: The Failure of California's, [PDF] Justice Policy Institute. March, 1999.
  • America's One Million Nonviolent Prisoners Justice Policy Institute. March, 1999.
  • Half Truths: The Complicated Story of D.C.'s Halfway House, Justice Policy Institute. March, 1999.
  • Truth in Sentencing in State Prisons [PDF] Bureau of Justice Statistics. January, 1999. "State sentencing law changes linked to increasing time served in State prisons"
  • Federal Offenders under Community Supervision, 1987-96 [PDF] Bureau of Justice Statistics. August, 1998.
  • Profile of Jail Inmates, 1996 [PDF] Bureau of Justice Statistics. April, 1998.
  • Three strikes: 5 years later [PDF] Sentencing Project. 1998.
  • Characteristics of Adults on Probation, 1995 [PDF] Bureau of Justice Statistics. December, 1997.
  • Did Getting Tough on Crime Pay? Urban Institute. August, 1997.
  • Census of State and Federal Correctional Facilities, 1995 [PDF] Bureau of Justice Statistics. August, 1997.
  • Lifetime Likelihood of Going to State or Federal Prison [PDF] Bureau of Justice Statistics. March, 1997.
  • Criminal Justice in Massachusetts: Putting Crime Control First, BOTEC Analysis Corporation of Cambridge. October, 1996. "Opportunities to reduce crime are systematically neglected, as policy making is dominated by the need to appease the public's justifiable fear and anger and by a wide variety of organizational and professional interests and ideological postures."
  • Prison and Jail Inmates, 1995 [PDF] Bureau of Justice Statistics. August, 1996.
  • Noncitizens in the Federal Criminal Justice System, 1984-94 [PDF] Bureau of Justice Statistics. August, 1996.
  • Prisoners at Midyear 1995 [PDF] Bureau of Justice Statistics. December, 1995.
  • Probation and Parole Violators in State Prison, 1991 [PDF] Bureau of Justice Statistics. August, 1995.
  • Jails and Jail Inmates, 1993-94 [PDF] Bureau of Justice Statistics. April, 1995.
  • Prison Sentences and Time Served for Violence [PDF] Bureau of Justice Statistics. April, 1995.
  • Continuing Crime of Black Imprisonment Committee to End the Marion Lockdown. 1995.
  • Three Strikes and You're Out: Estimated Benefits and Costs of California's New Mandatory-Sentencing Law, RAND Foundation. 1994.
  • Survey of State Prison Inmates, 1991 [PDF] Bureau of Justice Statistics. March, 1993.

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