Site Network:Prison Policy Initiative|Prisoners of the Census

Prisoner Welfare

  • (New) Receipt of A(H1N1)pdm09 Vaccine by Prisons and Jails United States, 2009-10 Influenza Season, [PDF] Center for Desease Control. January, 2012. "This report summarizes the results of that survey, which found that 55% of jails did not receive A(H1N1) pdm09 vaccine during the pandemic period, whereas only 14% of federal prisons and 11% of state prisons did not receive the vaccine."
  • (New) Old Behind Bars the Aging Prison Population in the United States, [PDF] Human Rights Watch. January, 2012. "Between 1995 and 2010, the number of state and federal prisoners age 55 or older nearly quadrupled (increasing 282 percent), while the number of all prisoners grew by less than half (increasing 42 percent). There are now 124,400 prisoners age 55+."
  • Commissioner's policy paper on Prison Safety and Inmate Programming [PDF] New York Department of Correctional Services. November, 2011.
  • Medicine and the Epidemic of Incarceration in the United States [PDF] New England Journal of Medicine. June, 2011. "[The Affordable Care Act] could redirect many people with serious illness away from the revolving door of the criminal justice system, thereby improving overall public health in the communities to which prisoners return and decreasing [recidivism] costs."
  • Prison Rape Elimination Act Data Collection Activities, 2011 [PDF] Bureau of Justice Statistics. June, 2011.
  • (New) PREA Data Collection Activities, 2011 [PDF] Bureau of Justice Statistics. May, 2011. "State prison administrators reported 589 substantiated incidents of sexual victimization in 2008, up 28% from 459 in 2005."
  • Sexual Victimization Reported by Adult Correctional Authorities, 2007â€"2008 [PDF] Bureau of Justice Statistics. January, 2011. (Female inmates were disproportionately victimized by both other inmates and staff in federal and state prisons, as well as local jails.)
  • No Better Off An Update on Swanson Center for Youth, [PDF] Juvenile Justice Project of Louisiana. November, 2010. "Lack or programming in the facility and on overreliance on lockdown result in youth's being "warehoused" at Swanson, rather than developing meaningful skills that would allow for successful transitions upon release."
  • Sexual Victimization in Prisons and Jails Reported by Inmates, 2008-09 [PDF] Bureau of Justice Statistics. August, 2010. "An estimated 4.4% of prison inmates and 3.1% of jail inmates reported experiencing one or more incidents of sexual victimization by another inmate or facility staff in the past 12 months or since admission to the facility if less than 12 months."
  • Mortality in Local Jails 2000-2007 [PDF] Bureau of Justice Statistics. July, 2010. "Suicide was the single leading cause of unnatural deaths in local jails, accounting for 29% of all jail deaths between 2000 and 2007, but the suicide rate declined from 48 to 36 deaths per 100,000 inmates."
  • PREA Data Collection Activities, 2010 [PDF] Bureau of Justice Statistics. June, 2010. "Among youth victimized by staff, 5% reported physical injury; fewer than 1% had sought medical attention."
  • HIV in Prisons, 2007-08 Bureau of Justice Statistics. December, 2009. "Findings include the number of AIDS-related deaths in state and federal prisons, a profile of those inmates who died in state prison, and a comparison of AIDS rates between prison inmates and the general population."
  • HIV/AIDS among Inmates of & Releasees from US Correctional Facilities 2006 Declining Share of Epidemic but Persistent Public Health Opportunity, [PDF] PLoS One. November, 2009. ". Although the proportional share of HIV/AIDS borne by those passing through CFs has declined since 1997, the total number of HIV infected persons who are in this flow has remained steady at roughly 150,000 individuals."
  • America's Problem-Solving Courts The Criminal Costs of Treatment and the Case for Reform, [PDF] National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers. September, 2009. "Conditioning treatment on an arrest and entry in the criminal justice system sends a perverse message to the person and is an enormous waste of scarce public and court resources."
  • Sexual Victimization in Local Jails Reported by Inmates, 2007 [PDF] Bureau of Justice Statistics. June, 2008. "An estimated 5.1% of female inmates, compared to 2.9% of male inmates, said they had experienced one or more incidents of sexual victimization."("About 1.6% of inmates (12,100, nationwide) reported an incident involving another inmate, and 2.0% (15,200) reported an incident involving staff.")
  • HIV in Prisons, 2006 Bureau of Justice Statistics. April, 2008. "The overall rate of estimated confirmed AIDS among the prison population (0.46%) was more than 2½ times the rate in the U.S. general population (0.17%)."
  • Medical Problems of Prisoners Bureau of Justice Statistics. April, 2008. "An estimated 44% of state inmates and 39% of federal inmates reported a current medical problem other than a cold or virus."
  • Sexual Victimization in State and Federal Prisons Reported by Inmates, 2007 [PDF] Bureau of Justice Statistics. December, 2007. "Nationwide, about 2.1% of inmates reported an incident involving another inmate and 2.9% reported an incident involving staff."
  • Expert Report by Dr. Noel on Medical Care at Ely State Prison American Civil Liberties Union. December, 2007. "[T]he medical care provided at Ely State Prison amounts to the grossest possible medical malpractice, and the most shocking and callous disregard for human life and human suffering, that I have ever encountered in the medical profession..."
  • HIV in Prisons, 2005 [PDF] Bureau of Justice Statistics. September, 2007. "There were 22,480 state and federal inmates who were HIV infected or had confirmed AIDS on Dec. 31, 2005, which was a decrease from 22,936 at the end of 2004... [t]he 2005 decline was the sixth consecutive year the number has fallen."
  • Sexual Violence Reported by Correctional Authorities, 2006 [PDF] Bureau of Justice Statistics. August, 2007. "There were 2.91 allegations of sexual violence per 1,000 inmates held in prison, jail, and other adult correctional facilities in 2006, up from 2.46 per 1,000 inmates in 2004."
  • Release from Prison â€" A High Risk of Death for Former Inmates [PDF] New England Journal of Medicine. January, 2007. "The mortality rate among former inmates was 3.5 times (95% CI, 3.2 to 3.8) that among state residents of the same age, sex, and race. The attributable-risk percentage was 71%, amounting to 316 excess deaths."
  • Medical Causes of Death in State Prisons, 2001-2004 [PDF] Bureau of Justice Statistics. January, 2007. "Overall, 89 percent of all state prisoner deaths were attributed to medical conditions and 8 percent were due to suicide or homicide."
  • African Americas, Health Disparities, and HIV/AIDS Recommendations for Confronting the Epidemic in Black America, [PDF] National Minority AIDS Counsel. December, 2006. "The U.S. Department of Justice found that in 2003 the AIDS rate among U.S. prisoners was three times that of the general population."
  • Medical Problems of Jail Inmates [PDF] Bureau of Justice Statistics. November, 2006. "More than a third of jail inmates reported having a current medical problem."
  • HIV in Prisons, 2004 [PDF] Bureau of Justice Statistics. November, 2006. "The overall rate of confirmed AIDS among the prison population (0.50%) was more than 3 times the rate in the U.S. general population (0.15%)."(Although the percentage of prisoners with HIV has decresed, problems remain.)
  • The Culture of Prison Sexual Violence [PDF] National Institute of Justice; Mark S. Fleisher, Jessie L. Krienert. November, 2006. "A majority of inmates reported that inmates' safety -- protection from physical and sexual assault, was the personal responsibility of inmates, independent of institution efforts to protect them."
  • Cruel and Degrading: The Use of Dogs for Cell Extractions in U.S. Prisons, Human Rights Watch. October, 2006. "The use of dogs to threaten and attack prisoners to facilitate cell extractions has been a well-kept secret, even in the world of corrections."
  • Addressing Sexual Violence in Prisons Urban Institute. October, 2006.
  • Abandoned & Abused: Orleans Parish Prison in the Wake of Hurricane Katrina, ACLU National Prison Project. August, 2006.
  • Sexual Violence Reported by Correctional Authorities, 2005 [PDF] Bureau of Justice Statistics. July, 2006. "[There were] 885 [substantiated] incidents of sexual violence in 2005... 38% of allegations involved staff sexual misconduct; 35% inmate-on-inmate nonconsensual sexual acts; 17%, staff sexual harassment; and 10% inmate-on-inmate abusive sexual contact."
  • Confronting Confinement Commission on Safety and Abuse in America's Prisons. June, 2006.
  • Evaluating the Effectiveness of Supermax Prisons Urban Institute. March, 2006. "[This report] suggests grounds for skepticism as well as concerns about the fiscal and human costs of [supermax prisons]. At the same time, it is clear that states and wardens believe supermax prisons can be effective correctional management tools..."
  • Ethical Considerations for Research Involving Prisoners Institute of Medicine of the National Academies, Board on Health Sciences Policy. 2006. (A review of current research practices regarding prison subjects with recommendations.)
  • Still In Danger: The Ongoing Threat of Sexual Violence against Transgender Prisoners, [PDF] Stop Prisoner Rape and ACLU National Prison Project. September, 2005.
  • HIV in Prisons, 2003 [PDF] Bureau of Justice Statistics. September, 2005.
  • Suicide and Homicide in State Prisons and Local Jails [PDF] Bureau of Justice Statistics. July, 2005.
  • Black Male Incarceration Rates and the Relatively High Rate of AIDS Infection Among African-American Women and Men, [PDF] Goldman School of Public Policy, UC Berkeley. July, 2005. "Our results reveal that the higher incarceration rates among black males over this period explain a substantial share of the racial disparity in AIDS infection between black women and women of other racial and ethnic groups."
  • Sexual Violence Reported by Correctional Authorities, 2004 [PDF] Bureau of Justice Statistics. July, 2005. (required by the Prison Rape Elimination Act of 2003)
  • PREA Update Stop Prisoner Rape's Report on the Prison Rape Elimination Act, [PDF] Stop Prisoner Rape. May, 2005.
  • Deterring Staff Sexual Abuse of Federal Inmates Office of the Inspector General. April, 2005. "This report examines sexual abuse of federal inmates by correctional staff and the current law's impact on deterrence of staff sexual abuse"
  • HIV in Prisons and Jails, 2002 [PDF] Bureau of Justice Statistics. December, 2004.
  • No Refuge Here: A First Look at Sexual Abuse in Immigration Detention, [PDF] Stop Prisoner Rape. October, 2004.
  • Corcoran State Prison: The Worst Human Rights Abuses in California 2002-2004, [PDF] California Prison Focus. June, 2004.
  • Hepatitis Testing and Treatment in State Prisons [PDF] Bureau of Justice Statistics. April, 2004.
  • Corrections Health Care Costs [PDF] Council of State Governments. January, 2004.
  • HIV in Prisons, 2001 [PDF] Bureau of Justice Statistics. January, 2004.
  • The Sexual Abuse of Female Inmates in Ohio [PDF] Stop Prisoner Rape. December, 2003.
  • Correctional Health: The Missing Key to Improving the Public's Health and Safety, [PDF] Massachusetts Public Health Association. October, 2003.
  • Lockdown New York: Disciplinary Confinement in New York State Prisons, [PDF] Correctional Association. October, 2003.
  • Identifying the HIV/AIDS/STD-related Needs of African American Ex-Offenders [PDF] Council on Crime and Justice. April, 2003. "Health effects associated with incarceration exacerbate existing health disparities in the larger African American community."
  • Prevention and Control of Infections with Hepatitis Viruses in Correctional Settings, [PDF] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. January, 2003.
  • Inmate Grievance Program 2003 Annual Report [PDF] New York Department of Correctional Services. 2003.
  • The Prison Inside the Prison: Control Units, Supermax Prisons, and Devices of Torture, [PDF] American Friends Service Committee. 2003.
  • HIV in Prisons, 2000 [PDF] Bureau of Justice Statistics. October, 2002.
  • Treatment of Incarcerated Women With Substance Abuse and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, [PDF] National Criminal Justice Reference Service (NCJRS). July, 2002.
  • State of the Prisons: Conditions of Confinement in 25 New York Correctional Facilities, [PDF] Correctional Association. June, 2002.
  • Disease Profile of Texas Prison Inmates [PDF] National Criminal Justice Reference Service (NCJRS). April, 2002.
  • The Health Status of Soon-to-be-Released Inmates A Report to Congress, National Commission on Correctional Health Care. March, 2002.
  • A Human Rights Approach to Prison Management: A Handbook for Staff, [PDF] International Centre for Prison Studies. 2002.
  • Improving the Link Between Research and Drug Treatment in Correctional Settings, [PDF] Urban Institute. 2002.
  • HIV in Prisons and Jails, 1999 [PDF] Bureau of Justice Statistics. July, 2001.
  • No Escape: Male Rape in U.S. Prisons Human Rights Watch. April, 2001.
  • Incarceration of the Terminally Ill: Current Practices in the United States, [PDF] GRACE Project. March, 2001.
  • Medical Problems of Inmates, 1997 [PDF] Bureau of Justice Statistics. January, 2001. "Presents survey data on offenders who were in prison who reported a medical problem since admission or a physical impairment or mental condition"
  • Federal Prisoner Health Care Copayment Act of 2000 Cost Estimate Congressional Budget Office. August, 2000. "some indigent prisoners could not pay the fee, and that assessing such a fee would deter some prisoners from initiating some visits."
  • Federal Prisons: Responses to Questions Related to Containing Health Care Costs for an Increasing Inmate Population, [PDF] General Accounting Office. June, 2000.
  • Federal Prisons: Containing Health Care Costs for an Increasing Inmate Population, [PDF] General Accounting Office. April, 2000.
  • Health Care in New York State Prisons [PDF] Correctional Association. February, 2000.
  • Out of Sight: Super-Maximum Security Confinement in the US, Human Rights Watch. February, 2000.
  • Abuse of Women in Custody: Sexual Misconduct and Shackling of Pregnant Women, Amnesty International. 2000. (includes a detailed state by state survey)
  • HIV in Prisons 1997 [PDF] Bureau of Justice Statistics. November, 1999. "Rates of HIV infection and AIDS-related deaths drop among the Nation's prisoners"
  • Women in Prison: Sexual Misconduct by Correctional Staff, [PDF] General Accounting Office. June, 1999.
  • Red Onion State Prison: Super-Maximum Security Confinement in Virginia, Human Rights Watch. May, 1999.
  • Supermax Prisons: Overview and General Considerations, [PDF] National Institute of Corrections. January, 1999.
  • Cold Storage: Super-Maximum Security Confinement in Indiana, Human Rights Watch. October, 1997.
  • HIV in Prisons and Jails, 1995 [PDF] Bureau of Justice Statistics. August, 1997. "Between 1991 and 1995 about 1 in 3 inmate deaths were attributable to AIDS-related causes."
  • Challenging the Conditions of Prisons and Jails: A Report on Section 1983 Litigation,, [PDF] Bureau of Justice Statistics. December, 1994. "extent and outcomes of Federal civil suits by prisoners against correctional authorities"
  • From Alcatraz to Marion to Florence Control Unit Prisons in the United States, Committee to End the Marion Lockdown. 1992.
  • Stanford Prison Experiment A Simulation Study of the Psychology of Imprisonment, [Website] Philip G. Zimbardo, Stanford University. 1971.

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