Prison Programs Recidivism Reentry

  • (New) Which Components of Transitional Jobs Programs Work Best? Analysis of Programs for Former Prisoners in the Transitional Jobs Reentry Demonstration, [PDF]
    Urban Institute, May, 2012
    “TJ program participants who spent 30 workdays or more in a transitional job during the first six months of the follow‐up period were 14 percent more likely than other TJ program participants to obtain an unsubsidized job in the subsequent six months.”
  • (New) Housing as a Platform for Formerly Incarcerated Persons [PDF]
    Urban Institute, April, 2012
    “While housing for formerly incarcerated persons is a source of necessary shelter and residential stability, it can also serve as the literal and figurative foundation for successful reentry and reintegration for released adults.”
  • Public Safety Realignment: California at a Crossroads, [PDF]
    American Civil Liberties Union of California, March, 2012
    “Based upon our review, at least 32 of California’s 58 counties have plans to expand jail capacity using AB 109 funds or other tax dollars, even though realignment provides more effective and affordable options for addressing jail overcrowding.”
  • The Impact of CA's Probation Performance Incentive Funding Program [PDF]
    Pew Center on the States, February, 2012
    “In the first year of implementation, the state probation failure rate declined from 7.9 percent during the baseline years of 2006–2008 to 6.1 percent in 2010, a 23 percent reduction in revocations.”
  • Missouri Working Group on Sentencing and Corrections Consensus Report [PDF]
    Missouri Working Group on Sentencing and Corrections, December, 2011
    “The Working Group conducted extensive analysis of state data and trends and has reached consensus on a package of reforms that will improve public safety, hold offenders accountable, and contain corrections costs by strengthening community supervision.”
  • 2011 Adult Institutions Outcome Evaluation Report [PDF]
    State of California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation, November, 2011
    (Participation in in-prison substance abuse programs, combined with post-release community-based aftercare results in recidivism rates (29.3 %) that are much lower than those that did not participate in any substance abuse treatment program (65.3 %).)
  • The Effects of Prison Visitation on Offender Recidivism [PDF]
    Minnesota Department of Corrections, November, 2011
    “Using multiple measures of visitation and recidivism, the study found that visitation significantly decreased the risk of recidivism. The results also showed that visits from siblings, in-laws, fathers, and clergy were the most beneficial...”
  • Life in Limbo An Examination of Parole Release for Prisoners Serving Life Sentences with the Possibility of Parole in California, [PDF]
    Stanford Criminal Justice Center, September, 2011
    “When victims attend hearings, the grant rate is less than half the rate when victims do not attend.”
  • Inmate Fees as a Source of Revenue Source of Challenges, [PDF]
    Massachusetts Executive Office of Public Safety and Security, July, 2011
    “[A]dditional fees would increase the number of inmates qualifying as indigent, increase the financial burdens on the inmate and their family, and jeopardize inmates’ opportunities for successful reentry.”
  • Due South Looking to the South for Criminal Justice Innovations, [PDF]
    Justice Policy Institute, May, 2011
    “Recognizing the significant costs associated with [...] high incarceration rates, a number of [Southern] states have recently implemented innovative strategies for reducing their prison populations and ensuring better outcomes [...].”
  • Piloting a Tool for Reentry A Promising Approach to Engaging Family Members, [PDF]
    Vera Institute of Justice, March, 2011
    (To facilitate productive conversations about incarcerated individuals' positive social supports, the Vera Institute of Justice's Family Justice Program helps agencies implement the Relational Inquiry Tool (RIT) for use by corrections reentry staff.)
  • Probation And Parole In The United States, 2009 [PDF]
    Bureau of Justice Statistics, December, 2010
    “During 2009, the number of offenders on probation or parole—community supervision population—declined (down 0.9%) for the first time since the BJS began its Annual Probation Survey and Annual Parole Survey in 1980.”
  • The Intersectionality of Race, Gender, and Reentry Challenges for African-American Women, [PDF]
    American Constitution Society for Law and Policy, November, 2010
    “African-American women offenders face collateral attacks on their motherhood, on their ability to secure housing and employment, and on their ability to reintegrate. Reentry programs must have a race and gender focus that confronts intersectionality.”
  • State Recidivism Studies [PDF]
    Sentencing Project, June, 2010
    “This database provides references for 99 recidivism studies conducted between 1995-2009 in all 50 states and the District of Columbia.”
  • Back on Track Supporting Youth Reentry from Out-of-Home Placement to the Community, [PDF]
    Sentencing Project, November, 2009
    “Presents promising practices and recommendations for federal leadership on youth reentry.”
  • Michigan Breaks the Political Logjam A New Model for Reducing Prison Populations, [PDF]
    ACLU, November, 2009
    “[Michigan's] new policies are designed to provide offenders with individualized programing in prison, and re-entry services upon release, that are most likely to assure success on parole, based on evidence of what works to reduce crime and save money.”
  • Denying parole at first eligibility How much public safety does it actually buy?, [PDF]
    Citizens Alliance on Prisons and Public Spending, August, 2009
    “Substantially increasing the rate of parole on the earliest release date would reduce the prisoner population without threatening public safety.”
  • Drug Courts: A Review of the Evidence, [PDF]
    Sentencing Project, April, 2009
    “An analysis of research findings from 76 drug courts found a 10% reduction in rearrest.”
  • Characteristics of State Parole Supervising Agencies, 2006 [PDF]
    Bureau of Justice Statistics, August, 2008
    “Up to 16% of at-risk parolees in some agencies were re-incarcerated for a failed drug test.”
  • Probation and Parole in the United States, 2006 [PDF]
    Bureau of Justice Statistics, December, 2007
    “The number of adult men and women in the United States who were being supervised on probation or parole at the end of 2006 reached 5,035,225. In 2006 the combined probation and parole populations grew by 1.8% or 87,852 persons.”
  • Repaying Debts [PDF]
    Justice Center, October, 2007
    “Financial pressures and paycheck garnishment resulting from unpaid debt can increase participation in the underground economy and discourage legitimate employment.”
  • Parole, Desistance from Crime, and Community Integration (2007)
    National Research Council of the National Academies, July, 2007
    “[T]he first days and weeks out of prison are the riskiest for both releasees and the general public.”
  • One Year Out: Experiences of Prisoners Returning to Cleveland,
    Urban Institute, April, 2007
    “[D]escribes the lives of nearly 300 former prisoners at least [1 year] after release, including their ability to find stable housing and reunite with family, and identifies factors associated with getting a job, and avoiding substance use and [recidivism]”
  • The Housing Landscape for Returning Prisoners in the District
    Urban Institute, March, 2007
    “This report examines the housing landscape of prisoner reentry in the District of Columbia through an analysis of neighborhoods that had high rates of returning prisoners and a survey of housing-related providers.”
  • Impact and Cost-Benefit Analysis of the Maryland Reentry Partnership Initiative,
    Urban Institute, February, 2007
    “This study evaluates the impact of the Maryland Reentry Partnership Initiative (REP) on crime in Baltimore between 2001 and 2005.”
  • Parole, Desistance from Crime, and Community Integration [PDF]
    National Research Council, January, 2007
    “Cognitive-behavioral treatment programs reduce recidivism; Peak rates of committing a new crime/violating the terms of parole occur soon after release; Deaths among releasees are very high in the first weeks after release.”
  • Informing and Engaging Communities Through Reentry Mapping
    Urban Institute, January, 2007
    “This brief is designed to equip organizations with strategies for effectively disseminating local reentry-related mapping and analysis findings and engaging community members on the topic of reentry.”
  • Release from Prison " A High Risk of Death for Former Inmates [PDF]
    New England Journal of Medicine, January, 2007
    “The mortality rate among former inmates was 3.5 times (95% CI, 3.2 to 3.8) that among state residents of the same age, sex, and race. The attributable-risk percentage was 71%, amounting to 316 excess deaths.”
  • Barriers to Employment: Prison Time, [PDF]
    Employment and Training Institute, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 2007
    “The stigma of being an ex-inmate alone and the limitations it places on those released and expected to become gainfully employed are compounded by further legal sanctions placed on those who have spent time in correctional facilities.”
  • Access Denied in Oregon [PDF]
    Partnership for Safety and Justice, November, 2006
    “The astronomical growth of incarceration in the U.S. over the past 25 years has created a wide range of social challenges, not least of which is how to respond to formerly incarcerated people upon their re-entry into the community.”
  • Mapping Prisoner Reentry: An Action Research Guidebook,
    Urban Institute, November, 2006
    “This guidebook provides information on how interested parties can understand and address prisoner reentry at the local level through mapping and data analysis.”
  • Governor's Ex-Offender Final Report [PDF]
    Governor's Ex-Offender Task Force (Florida), November, 2006
    “Within three years of release, over a quarter of those people will go back to prison for a new crime. This rate of recidivism is unacceptably high and unacceptably expensive.”
  • Cleveland Prisoners' Experiences Returning Home
    Urban Institute, September, 2006
    “This research brief is intended to serve as a foundation for policy discussions about how released prisoners can successfully reintegrate into their communities, whether in Cleveland or in similar cities around the country.”
  • Prisoner Reentry: Addressing the Challenges in Weed and Seed Communities,
    Urban Institute, September, 2006
    “This report [illustrates] the various ways that Weed and Seed sites are focusing on prisoner reentry and working with partner organizations to reduce recidivism and create safer, healthier communities.”
  • Evidence-based Treatment of Alcohol, Drug, and Mental Health Disorders: Potential Benefits, Costs, and Fiscal Impacts for Washington State,
    Washington State Institute for Public Policy, June, 2006
    “Per dollar of treatment cost, we estimate that evidence-based treatment generates about $3.77 in benefits for people in Washington. Expressed as a return on investment, this is equivalent to roughly a 56 percent rate of return.”
  • Instituting Lasting Reforms for Prisoner Reentry in Philadelphia
    Urban Institute, June, 2006
    “Those with multiple periods of incarceration were more likely to be black, single and have more dependents.”
    ("This report examines the prisoner reentry phenomenon in the city of Philadelphia, focusing on the return of prisoners from the Philadelphia Prison System (PPS).")
  • Instituting Lasting Reforms for Prisoner Reentry in Philadelphia
    Urban Institute, June, 2006
    “The report consolidates existing data on incarceration and release trends, and presents a new analysis of data on Philadelphia prisoners released between 1996 and 2003.”
  • Understanding California Corrections [PDF]
    California Policy Research Center, May, 2006
    (An overview of the current trends in the California corrections system, with recommendations.)
  • Re-Entry and Reintegration: The Road to Public Safety [PDF]
    New York State Bar Association, Special Committee on Collateral Consequences of Criminal Proceedings, May, 2006
    “Countless families are affected: over ten million children have parents who were imprisoned at some point in the children's lives. In addition, disparate racial and economic impacts are well-documented.”
  • Prisoner Reentry and Community Policing
    Urban Institute, April, 2006
    “[D]espite the fact that correctional spending has increased from approximately $9 billion to $60 billion during the past 20 years, prisoners are less prepared for reentry than in the past...”
  • Community Residents' Perceptions of Prisoner Reentry in Selected Cleveland
    Urban Institute, March, 2006
    “This report presents findings from community focus group discussions in three Cleveland neighborhoods that are home to a large number of returning prisoners.”
  • Treatment Instead of Prisons: A Roadmap for Sentencing and Correctional Policy in Wisconsin, [PDF]
    Justice Strategies, January, 2006
    “Absent a major investment of tax dollars in treatment services, however, we found that the state is likely to face mounting prison populations pressures in coming years due to growth in nonviolent admissions and revocations of post-release supervision.”
  • Turning Jails into Prison: Collateral Damage from Kentucky's War on Crime, [PDF]
    Criminal Justice Policy Foundation, January, 2006
    “Our best estimate is that on average, substance abuse treatment costs $1,583 and is associated with a societal benefit of $11,487, representing a 7:1 ratio of benefits to costs.”
  • Ohio Prisoners' Reflections on Returning Home
    Urban Institute, January, 2006
    “The Ohio Department of Rehabilitation and Correction released 28,177 individuals from prisons across the state in 2004, nearly six times the number of prisoners released in 1980.”
  • Understanding the Challenges of Prisoner Reentry: Research Findings from the Urban Institute's Prisoner Reentry Portfolio, [PDF]
    New Jersey Institute for Social Justice, January, 2006
  • From Prison to Work: The Employment Dimensions of Prisoner Reentry, [PDF]
    Urban Institute, October, 2005
  • Texas Prisoners' Reflections Returning Home
    Urban Institute, October, 2005
    “In 2002, the Texas Department of Criminal Justice released 58,949 people from prisons and state jails across the state, nearly six times the number of prisoners released in 1980.”
  • Chicago Communities and Prisoner Reentry
    Urban Institute, September, 2005
  • Discrimination in Low Wage Labor Markets: Findings from an Experimental Audit Study in New York City,
    Devah Pager and Bruce Western, June, 2005
  • Penny-Wise & Pound-Foolish: Assaultive offender programming and Michigan's prison costs, [PDF]
    Citizens Alliance on Prisons and Public Spending and American Friends Service Committee, Criminal Justice Program, April, 2005
    (Michigan Department of Corrections offers assaultive offender programming for people in prison for assault, the report examines the administrative shortfalls of this program and proposes solutions.)
  • Prisoner Reentry in Massachusetts [PDF]
    Urban Institute, March, 2005
  • Adult Drug Courts: Evidence Indicates Recidivism Reductions and Mixed Results for Other Outcomes, [PDF]
    United States Government Accountability Office, February, 2005
  • Washington's Drug Offender Sentencing Alternative: An Evaluation of Benefits and Costs,
    Washington State Institute for Public Policy, January, 2005
    “[O]ur overall finding is that [Drug Offender Sentencing Alternative] is an effective criminal justice policy for drug offenders but neutral for druginvolved property offenders.”
  • Correctional Industries Programs for Adult Offenders in Prison: Estimates of Benefits and Costs,
    Washington State Institute for Public Policy, January, 2005
    “We find that correctional industries programs for adult offenders in prison can achieve a statistically significant reduction in recidivism rates, and that a reasonably priced program generates about $6.70 in benefits per dollar of cost.”
  • Breaking the Barriers for Women on Parole [PDF]
    Little Hoover Commission, December, 2004
    “At the time of their arrest, half of these women were taking care of their children; two-thirds of those women were single parents.”
    (This report looks at incarceration patterns for women in California and proposes solutions for the problems identified.)
  • Prisoner Reentry in Idaho [PDF]
    Urban Institute, December, 2004
  • Prisoner Reentry in Georgia [PDF]
    Urban Institute, November, 2004
  • Prisoner Reentry in Virginia [PDF]
    Urban Institute, October, 2004
  • Profile of Nonviolent Offenders Exiting State Prisons [PDF]
    Bureau of Justice Statistics, October, 2004
  • Prisoner Reentry in Michigan [PDF]
    Urban Institute, October, 2004
  • The Front Line Building Programs That Recognize Families' Role in Reentry, [PDF]
    Vera Institute of Justice, September, 2004
  • Prisoner Reentry and Community Policing: Strategies for Enhancing Public Safety, [PDF]
    Urban Institute, May, 2004
  • After Prison: A Report on State Legal Barriers Facing People with Criminal Records,
    Legal Action Center, May, 2004
  • Baltimore Prisoner's Experiences Returning Home [PDF]
    Urban Institute, March, 2004
  • A Portrait of Prisoner Reentry in Texas
    Urban Institute, March, 2004
  • Preventing Homelessness Among People Leaving Prison [PDF]
    Vera Institute of Justice, December, 2003
  • Recidivism of Sex Offenders Released from Prison in 1994 [PDF]
    Bureau of Justice Statistics, November, 2003
  • A Portrait of Prisoner Reentry in Ohio [PDF]
    Urban Institute, November, 2003
  • Back to the Community: Safe & Sound Parole Policies,
    Little Hoover Commission, November, 2003
    (California)
  • Batterer Intervention Programs: Where Do We Go From Here?,
    National Institute of Justice, June, 2003
  • A Portrait of Prisoner Reentry in Illinois
    Urban Institute, April, 2003
    (the chapter on where Ill. prisoners are released to is very interesting)
  • A Portrait of Prisoner Reentry in Maryland
    Urban Institute, March, 2003
  • A Portrait of Prisoner Reentry in New Jersey [PDF]
    Urban Institute, March, 2003
  • They're Coming Back: an Action Plan for Successful Reintegration of Offenders That Works for Everyone, [PDF]
    The Philadelphia Consensus Group on Reentry & Reintegration of Adjudicated Offenders, February, 2003
  • A Better Life- A Safer Community: Helping Inmates Access Federal Benefits,
    Judge David L. Bazelon Center for Mental Health Law, January, 2003
  • Drug Treatment in the Criminal Justice System The Current State of Knowledge,
    Urban Institute, January, 2003
    “Prisoners are not getting the drug treatment programs that would reduce their drug abuse and criminal behavior.”
  • Education as Crime Prevention: The Case for Reinstating Pell Grant Eligibility for the Incarcerated, [PDF]
    Bard Prison Initiative, 2003
    “This report illustrates the overwhelming consensus among public officials that postsecondary education is the most successful and cost-effective method of preventing crime.”
  • Beyond the Prison Gates: The State of Parole in America,
    Urban Institute, November, 2002
  • Reentry Trends in United States Inmates returning to the community after serving time in prison, [Website]
    Bureau of Justice Statistics, October, 2002
  • Parole Practices in Massachusetts and Their Effect on Community Reintegration, [PDF]
    Boston Bar Association Task Force on Parole and Community Reintegration, August, 2002
    (a 1991 precursor report is here http://www.bostonbar.org/gr/adhoc/parolehd.htm#cr1)
  • Recidivism of State Prisoners Implications for Sentencing and Corrections Policy, [PDF]
    Sentencing Project, August, 2002
  • Every Door Closed: Barriers Facing Parents With Criminal Records., [PDF]
    The Center for Law and Social Policy, May, 2002
  • Recidivism of Prisoners Released in 1994 [PDF]
    Bureau of Justice Statistics, May, 2002
  • The Practice and Promise of Prison Programming [PDF]
    Urban Institute, May, 2002
  • State Correctional Education Programs: State Policy Update, [PDF]
    National Institute for Literacy, March, 2002
  • Incarceration, Reentry and Social Capital: Social Networks in the Balance, [PDF]
    Dina Rose and Todd Clear, January, 2002
  • From Cell to Street: A Plan to Supervise Inmates After Release, [PDF]
    MassINC, January, 2002
    (Free registration required)
  • The Effects of Prison Sentences and Intermediate Sanctions on Recidivism: General Effects and Individual Differences, [PDF]
    Paula Smith, Claire Goggin and Paul Gendreau, January, 2002
  • Exploring the Needs and Risks of the Returning Prisoner Population [PDF]
    Urban Institute, January, 2002
    (by James Austin, John Irwin, Patricia Hardyman)
  • Trends in State Parole, 1990-2000 [PDF]
    Bureau of Justice Statistics, October, 2001
    “Forty-two percent of State parole discharges were successful”
  • Prisoner Reentry in Perspective [PDF]
    Urban Institute, September, 2001
  • Changing Minds The Impact of College in a Maximum Security Prison,
    Graduate Center of CUNY & Women in Prison at Bedford Hills CF, NY, September, 2001
  • Three State Recidivism Study [PDF]
    Correctional Education Association, September, 2001
    (Methodologically strong study on the effect of prison education programs on reducing recidivism)
  • A National Study Comparing the Environments of Boot Camps with Traditional Facilities for Juvenile Offenders, [PDF]
    National Institute of Justice, August, 2001
  • From Prison to Home: The Dimensions and Consequences of Prisoner Reentry, [PDF]
    Urban Institute, June, 2001
  • Prisoner Releases: Trends and Information on Reintegration Programs, [PDF]
    General Accounting Office, June, 2001
  • Follow-Up Study of Offenders Who Earn GEDs While Incarcerated in DOCS
    State of New York Department of Correctional Services, May, 2001
    (Helping a prisoner get his GED while incarcerated cuts recidivism)
  • Pennsylvania's Motivational Boot Camp 2000 Report to the Legislature, [Website]
    Pennsylvania Commission on Sentencing, January, 2001
  • Offenders Returning to Federal Prison, 1986-97 [PDF]
    Bureau of Justice Statistics, August, 2000
  • Analysis of Recidivism Rates of Education Program Participants in Virginia [PDF]
    Kim A. Hull, et. al., June, 2000
  • But They All Come Back: Rethinking Prisoner Reentry, [PDF]
    Jeremy Travis, May, 2000
  • Research Findings on Adult Correction's Programs: A Review, [PDF]
    Washington State Institute for Public Policy, September, 1999
  • The Effects of Prison Sentences on Recidivism
    Paul Gendreau and Claire Goggin, March, 1999
  • Preventing Crime: What Works, What Doesn't, What's Promising, [PDF]
    National Institute of Justice, July, 1998
  • Education as Crime Prevention: Providing education to prisoners, [PDF]
    Center for Crime, Communities and Culture, September, 1997
  • The State of Corrections in Massachusetts: A Warning, [PDF]
    Massachusetts Correctional Legal Services, January, 1997
    “[T]he Department of Correction and many county jail administrations have increased the use of segregation and punishment as the primary method of control. Ironically, these policies which purportedly increase security do the opposite.”
  • Literacy Behind Prison Walls: Profiles of the Prison Population from the National Adult Literacy Survey,
    National Center for Education Statistics, October, 1994
    (the literacy levels of prisoners, by population and offense groups, with comparisons to demographically similar adults not in prison)
  • Recidivism: The Effect of Incarceration and Length of Time Served, [PDF]
    Washington State Institute for Public Policy, September, 1993
  • Analysis of Return Rates of the Inmate College Program Participants
    State of New York Department of Correctional Services, August, 1991
    (Allowing a prisoner to go to college cuts recidivism.)
  • The Debate on Rehabilitating Criminals: Is it True that Nothing Works?,
    Jerome Miller, National Center for Institutions and Alternatives, March, 1989
    (The easiest thing to say is that rehabilitation has never been seriously tried. There are, however, some studies of small programs cited in Miller's footnotes that deserve attention.)
  • The Effect of Community Reintegration on Rates of Recidivism: A Statistical Overview of Data for the Years 1971 Through 1985, [PDF]
    Massachusetts Department of Corrections, July, 1988
    “individuals who had experienced a furlough prior to release from prison had significantly lower rates of recidivism than did individuals who had not experienced a furlough prior to release.”
  • Statistical Description of the [Massachusetts] Furlough Program: 1972-1987, [PDF]
    Prison Policy Initiative, 1988
  • The Massachusetts Furlough Program: Position Paper, [PDF]
    Massachusetts Department of Corrections, May, 1987
  • Explorations in Inmate-Family Relationships
    Norman Holt, Donald Miller, California Department of Corrections, January, 1972
    “The central finding of this research is the strong and consistent positive relationship that exists between parole success and maintaining strong family ties while in prison.”

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