Chart showing the growth of incarcerated populations in local jails, state prisons, and federal prisons from 1925 to 2023. Most people are incarcerated in state prisons — more than 1 million people.

Data Source: Compiled by the Prison Policy Initiative from Bureau of Justice Statistics data. For detailed sourcing, see: www.prisonpolicy.org/data/incarceration_counts_and_rates_by_type_over_time.xlsx. (Graph: Wendy Sawyer and Peter Wagner, 2026)

This graph originally appeared in Updated data and charts: Women’s incarceration, national prison population counts, psychological distress behind bars, and more.

The original version of the charts showing how state policy drives mass incarceration was published in Tracking State Prison Growth in 50 States.

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