Correctional control
Supervision extending beyond prison walls: probation, parole, and civil commitment
- The federal government controls only about 13% of the carceral system in the U.S. (Created: 2025)
- Non-criminal (or "technical") violations are the main reason for incarceration of people on probation and parole (Created: 2025)
- Correctional control extends far beyond incarceration (Created: 2025)
- The growth of electronic monitoring for the criminal legal and immigration systems, 2015-2024 (Created: 2025)
- Most jurisdictions require people on probation to pay monthly fees and other costs of supervision (Created: 2024)
- Almost all jurisdictions restrict the movement of people on probation (Created: 2024)
- Vague language in standard conditions gives probation officers excessive discretionary power (Created: 2024)
- Probation disproportionately impacts people facing health and financial challenges (Created: 2024)
- Fewer and fewer people are being paroled in Louisiana (Created: 2024)
- Policy map: Where parole and probation travel restrictions make abortion bans even more oppressive for women on supervision (Created: 2024)
- 582,000 women on probation live in states with abortion bans and probation conditions that restrict interstate travel (Created: 2024)
- 53,000 women on parole or post-release supervision live in states with abortion bans and parole conditions that restrict interstate travel (Created: 2024)
- Until recently, California granted parole to a smaller share of parole-eligible people than Alabama and South Carolina (Created: 2023)
- Electronic monitoring doesn't reduce jail populations (Created: 2023)
- Only one state parole board released more people on parole in 2022 compared to 2019 (Created: 2023)
- Parole boards in all but three states held fewer parole hearings in 2022 compared to 2019 (Created: 2023)
- Parole boards in all but nine states were less likely to grant parole in 2022 compared to 2019 (Created: 2023)
- Women under any form of correctional control are especially likely to be on probation or parole (Created: 2023)
- Mass punishment rates by state and type, 2023 (Created: 2023)
- Mass punishment rates by state, 2023 (Created: 2023)
- Pie charts by state: Incarceration by type of confinement and correctional control by type of supervision or confinement (Created: 2023)
- Across sex and race, people on probation and parole have lower incomes than the general population (Created: 2023)
- People under community supervision face a constellation of health concerns and report more disabilities (Created: 2023)
- Many people under community supervision with mental health or substance use disorders can't access treatment (Created: 2023)
- People on probation and parole report higher rates of mental health and substance use disorders (Created: 2023)
- Correctional control of women extends far beyond prisons and jails (Created: 2023)
- Probation: The leading type of correctional control (Created: 2022)
- Who else would be locked up if the county had a bigger jail, according to local law enforcement and judicial officials? (Created: 2021)
- Gay and bisexual men are overrepresented on probation and parole (Created: 2021)
- Parole boards held fewer hearings and failed to say "yes" more often, ultimately approving fewer people for parole during the pandemic (Created: 2021)
- Probation and parole violations are the most common reasons people under supervision are rearrested in D.C. (Created: 2020)
- Women in D.C. are jailed longer for parole violations than they are for misdemeanor sentences (Created: 2020)
- 1 in 7 people in D.C. jails are held for supervision violations (Created: 2020)
- People remain in prison for months after being granted parole (Created: 2020)
- The number of people held for technical parole violations in NYC jails is declining but not quickly enough to outpace the pandemic (Created: 2020)
- Very few states track and publish and recidivism data for people on probation (Created: 2020)
- People on probation are much more likely to be low-income (Created: 2019)
- Grading parole release systems (Created: 2019)
- Texas is granting parole at greater rates. Why not Massachusetts? (Created: 2019)
- Reasons people on parole were returned to incarceration in Texas and Massachusetts in 2016 (Created: 2019)
- Incarceration pie chart and correctional control pie chart by state (Created: 2018)
- Correctional control of women (detail) (Created: 2018)
- Annual cost of incarcerating people returned to prison for technical violations of parole in ten select states (Created: 2018)
- Age of incarcerated people in New York (Created: 2018)
- Some states made dramatic changes in probation in 2016 (Created: 2018)
- Income, probation rates and probation caseloads for the population served by each Massachusetts District Court (Created: 2016)
- Types of correctional control by size (Created: 2015)
- Rhode Island's probation rates outpace New England states & the nation (Created: 2015)
- Probation: The leading type of correctional control (Created: 2015)
- Adults under criminal justice system control (Created: 2004)
Events
- November 12-14, 2025:
Members of our Research team, Wendy Sawyer and Jacob Kang-Brown will be attending the American Society of Criminology annual meeting in Washington, D.C. from November 12 through the 14th. Please reach out if you’d like to set up a meeting.
Not near you?
Invite us to your city, college or organization.