Research Library
Our mission is to empower activists, journalists, and policymakers to shape effective criminal justice policy, so we go beyond our original reports and analyses to curate a database of virtually all the empirical criminal justice
research available online.
Tips: If you know what you are looking for, you may also search the database. We also have an email newsletter (at right)(at bottom) for new research library updates.
- COVID-19 (82) Research on the pandemic’s impact on prisons and jails
- Community impact (132) Research on the impact of the criminal legal system on housing, schools, employment, neighborhoods, and more
- Conditions of confinement (315) Research on prison and jail conditions such as solitary confinement, labor, discipline, food, and more
- Courts and trials (192) Research on prosecutors, judges, public defense, court caseloads, and more
- Crime (296) Curated research on crime, crime rates, and victimization
- Death penalty (157) Information and data on capital punishment and executions
- Disability (38) Research on the prevalence of, and challenges faced by, people with disabilities in the criminal legal system
- Drug policy and treatment (199) Research on punishing and treating drug use in the criminal legal system
- Economics of incarceration (200) Research on the economic drivers and consequences of mass incarceration
- Education (136) Curated research on education programs in prisons and the school-to-prison pipeline
- Families (168) Information and data on the criminal legal system’s impacts on families
- Felony disenfranchisement and voting rights (94) Information about laws barring people from the polls because of criminal convictions
- General (179) Broad-based research and information about the criminal legal system
- Gun control (47) Information and data about gun violence, firearms, and gun control policy
- Health and healthcare (311) Research on access to healthcare, chronic and infectious disease, mortality, and more
- Immigration (89) Research on the incarceration and detainment of immigrants
- Incarceration rates and trends (343) Research documenting the growth of prison and jail populations
- International incarceration (45) Curated research on incarceration trends worldwide, and how they compare to the U.S.
- Jails (312) Research on jail populations, jail conditions, jail construction, and more
- LGBTQ (26) Information and data on the mass criminalization and incarceration of LGBTQ+ people
- Mental health (111) Research on the prevalence and treatment of mental illness in the criminal legal system
- Policing (297) Information and data on arrests, traffic stops, law enforcement interactions, and more
- Poverty and wealth (181) Research on fines, fees, debt, and the criminalization of poor people
- Pretrial detention (156) Research on the costs and outcomes of detaining people before trial
- Prison gerrymandering (20) Research on prison-based gerrymandering (see also www.prisonersofthecensus.org)
- Privatization (107) Information and data on how private companies exploit incarcerated people and their families
- Probation and parole (146) Information about community supervision policies, conditions, violations, and more
- Public opinion (52) Research on public perceptions of crime, prison, reform, and more
- Racial and ethnic disparities (202) Research and statistics on racial and ethnic disparities in the criminal legal system
- Reentry and recidivism (279) Information and research on the challenges and outcomes for people released from incarceration, including collateral consequences
- Sentencing policy (164) Research on the rise and impact of excessive criminal sentences
- Sex-related convictions (19) Research about the unique punishment of sex-related crimes through registries, civil commitment, and other means
- Women and gender (178) Information and data on gender disparities in the criminal legal system
- Youth and juvenile justice (413) Research about youth in the criminal legal system
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Some of the most recently added reports are:
Tuesday, November 3 2026:
Friday, October 30 2026:
- Community safety investments: Violence prevention initiatives across New York State,
John Jay College of Criminal Justice.
February, 2025.
"Researchers found that total index crimes dropped 14% in counties receiving funding, but index crimes grew 13% in counties that received no funding for the three main [state] initiatives [to prevent crime and violence]."
- Estimating the impact of wide scale uptake of screening and medications for opioid use disorder in US prisons and jails,
Alexandria Macmadu et al.
March, 2021.
"[This] model predicted that 1,840 lives would have been saved nationally [in 2016] if all persons who were clinically indicated had received medications for OUD while incarcerated."
- The direct financial costs of having a family member incarcerated,
Garrett Baker et al.
November, 2025.
"Provides evidence that the median contribution for family members who do contribute is substantial ($172 per month) and that the primary source of stratification in the amount of direct expenses is across racial and ethnic lines."
- Cardiovascular death and access to health care among individuals incarcerated in US state prisons from 2001 to 2019,
Lauren A. Eberly et al.
September, 2025.
"Most cardiovascular deaths (41%) occurred after 120 months of incarceration...19% of individuals were not medically evaluated, 31% [received no] diagnostic testing, & 27% [received no] medications during...incarceration for the condition causing death."
- Sleep deprivation in prison,
Sharon Dolovich.
January, 2026.
"Chronic sleep deprivation is an intrinsic part of prison life, as constitutive of the carceral penalty as are crowded conditions, grossly inadequate medical care, inedible food, and the ongoing risk of physical and sexual assault."
- First look at the How Many Stops Act data,
Data Collaborative for Justice.
February, 2025.
"From July to Dec. 2024, Black people accounted for 39% of Level 1 & 59% of Level 2 [police] encounters, [but] only 23% of the [NYC's] population...white people accounted for 17% of Level 1 & just 4% of Level 2 encounters, [but] 31% of the population."
- Safety planning vs standard care for suicide prevention after pretrial jail detention: A randomized clinical trial,
Lauren M. Weinstock et al.
November, 2025.
"This randomized clinical trial of individuals at risk for suicide...were released [from jail] and followed up in the community, found that the [Safety Planning Intervention] reduced the number of suicide events by 42% vs. enhanced standard care alone."
- Pretrial release and bail-setting practices in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania: Findings and recommendations,
Vera Institute of Justice.
April, 2026.
"Bail amounts remain high...across virtual arraignments, the median bond amount was set to $5,000. Pretrial supervision was more common for cases when the judge set secured bail (73%) than unsecured bail (43%)."
Tuesday, October 27 2026:
- Mapping inequity: Understanding concentrated disadvantage in Oklahoma,
Oklahomans for Criminal Justice Reform.
2023.
"[High CDI (concentrated disadvantage index) cities in Oklahoma] have worse racial disparities than low CDI cities with African-Americans making up less than 19% of all arrests compared to just over 12% for low CDI cities."
- Receipt of pharmacotherapy for opioid use disorder by justice-involved U.S. Veterans Health Administration patients, Paywall :(
Andrea K. Finlay et al.
March, 2016.
"The 1-year rate of receipt for pharmacotherapy for opioid use disorder was 27% for prison-involved veterans, 34% for jail/court-involved veterans, and 33% for veterans not justice-involved."
- Correlates of contraband in US prisons: A summary of recent findings,
Urban Institute.
October, 2024.
"Drug [contraband] recoveries occurred less in [prison] facilities that provided substance use treatment, such that offering treatment programs reduced the amount of drugs recovered by 30 percent."
- Military service and lifetime arrests: Examining the effects of the total military experience on arrests in a sample of prison inmates, Paywall :(
Erika J. Brooke & Jacinta M. Gau.
December, 2015.
"[Incarcerated veterans experienced] 11.5% fewer expected lifetime arrests [than those] who did not serve in the military...[with] a 5.1% decrease in the expected number of lifetime arrests for each 1-year increase in [military] service duration."
- Large Minnesota study underscores disproportionate rates of health problems among recently incarcerated and unhoused people,
Prison Policy Initiative.
December, 2025.
(We report on new data out of Minnesota where researchers found recently incarcerated people face higher rates of many health conditions than the statewide population, and unhoused people face the highest rates of nearly every condition included.)
- Cooperation with ICE doesn't stop community arrests: New data on the results of state strategies,
Prison Policy Initiative.
October, 2026.
"Overall, average daily arrests grew by more than 28% between the first two years of Trump's second term: 926 people were arrested by ICE each day on average in 2025, compared to an average of 1,187 per day in 2026."
- Psychological stressors of imprisonment and coping of older incarcerated persons: A qualitative interview study,
Stuart McLennan et al.
January, 2025.
"Two overarching psychological stressors identified were a lack of physical and emotional closeness in social relationships (with prison staff, with other incarcerated persons, and outside of prison), and the loss of autonomy in prison."
- Involuntary commitment: How forced hospitalization expands the criminal legal system,
Prison Policy Initiative.
July, 2026.
"Civil and criminal court-ordered hospitalizations confine hundreds of thousands of people into a murky space between the legal system & the healthcare system. The sparse data are particularly troubling given the growing reliance on forced treatment."
- The road to debtors' probation: How criminalizing traffic violations increases state control and inequality in Georgia, Paywall :(
Brittany T. Martin, Amairini Sanchez, & Andrea Giuffre.
July, 2025.
"We find that Georgia's misdemeanor traffic courts rely heavily on probation as a payment mechanism, often imposing additional fees and prolonged surveillance on individuals unable to pay fines upfront."
- The role of race, gender, and poverty on length of pretrial jail stays: A multi-site analysis,
Heather M. Ouellette et al.
July, 2024.
"[In the 2 jails studied], Black men are the most likely to have long lengths of stay, but that length of stay varies depending on the intersection of gender, race, and neighborhood poverty."
- Prosecutor-initiated resentencing in Washington: The impact of SB 6164,
Katherine Beckett & Allison Goldberg.
June, 2024.
"When prosecutors do petition the courts for resentencing under SB 6164, courts grant them. As of May 2024, 41 of the 42 resentencing requests have been granted, with one court hearing pending scheduling."
- Women's Mass Incarceration: The Whole Pie 2026,
Prison Policy Initiative.
October, 2026.
"This report provides a detailed view of the 198,800 women and girls incarcerated in the United States and how they fit into the even broader picture of correctional control."